اقوى مذكرة قواعد لغة انجليزية

Read the situations and complete the sentences with the third conditional, using the word in brackets.

If Clause ( Imagination ) Sentence ( Fact )

1. If + S + hadn't V3 …..…., S + would / could (might) have + V3

2. If + S + had V3 …….…., S + would / could (might) not + have + V3

3. If + S + had V3 ……..…., S + would / could (might) have + V3

4. If + S + hadn't + V3 …...., S + would / could (might) not + have + V3 1. S + V2 …. , so + didn't + V-inf

2. S + didn't + V-inf , so + V2 ….

3. S + didn't + v-inf , so + didn't + V-inf

4. S + V2 . S + V2

1. Saeed left his camera at home, so he wasn’t able to take pictures of the parade. (could)

If Saeed hadn’t left his camera at home, he could have taken pictures of the parade.

If Saeed hadn’t left his camera at home, he could have been able to take pictures of the parade.

2. I had a headache yesterday, and I didn’t do well in the Maths test. (might)

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3. I didn’t know your phone number, so I wasn’t able to contact you. (could)

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4. You had a brightly-coloured T-shirt on. That’s how I noticed you in the crowd. (might not)

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5. I worked really hard the day before the exam. I got top marks. (might not)

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6. I didn't stay at home that day, so I didn't miss the celebration. (would)

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7. My friend invited me to the library, so I went. (would not )

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8. Saleem left his wallet at home, so he wasn’t able to purchase his necessary items. (could) 2016

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9. I studied really hard the day before the final exams. I achieved the first rank in my class. (might not) 2016

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10. Sami didn't apply immedietly for the scholarship, so he didn't get it . ( if , could ) 2016

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11. Marwan worked really hard the day before the exam. He got top marks. ( if / might not) 2017

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12. The company didn't know your phone number, so they weren't able to contact you. ( if / might) 2017

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Change the following sentences into facts :

( hadn't + V3 = V2 ) / ( wouldn't , couldn't , mightn't have + V3 = V2 )

( had + V3 = didn't + V-inf. ) / ( would , could , might have + V3 = didn't + V-inf. )

1. If I hadn’t come to this school, I could have taken English.

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2. If I hadn’t grown up in this city, I might have learnt French.

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عدد الافعال المنفية في جملة السؤال والجواب نفس العدد ( نفي النفي اثبات) Using "Unless" : ( Unless = If …… not )

If Clause Sentence

1. Unless + S + Vi/Vs …..…., S + won't + V-inf.

2. Unless + S + V1/Vs..…….., S + won't + V-inf.

3. Unless + S + V1/Vs..…….., S + will + V-inf. 1. If + V1/Vs …. , S + will +V-inf

2. If + S+ doesn't/don't + v-inf , S + won't

3. If + S+ doesn't/don't + v-inf , S + will

1. If you study hard, you will pass your exam. Unless ----------------------------------------------------------------------

2. If you don't water the plants, they will die . Unless ----------------------------------------------------------------------

3. If I don't write a good essay, the teacher won't be pleased. Unless ------------------------------------------------------

4. If our team wins the match, they won't leave the stadium. Unless ------------------------------------------------------

6. Unless you study hard, you won't succeed. If ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Unless you are clever, you will fail. If ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. If I travel a lot, I will buy many things. Even if ----------------------------------------------------------------------

9. I’ll buy the book if it isn’t too expensive. Even if ----------------------------------------------------------------------

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Choose the correct answer :

1. ------------------- you heat water to 100°C, it boils. (as long as , unless , when , even if )

2. You will not pass your exams ----------- you study hard. (as long as , unless , when , even if )

3. ----------- you don't water the plants, they will die. ( If , unless , when , even if )

4. Do you usually go home or meet your friends -------- school finishes. (as long as , unless , when , even if )

5. Your new computer will last a long time -------you are careful with it. (as long as , unless , when , even if )

6. Ice cream melts -------------it gets warm. (as long as , unless , when , even if )

7. We need umbrellas -------------- it rains. (as long as , unless , when , even if )

8. The teacher will be pleased ----------- I write a good essay. ( if , unless , when , even if )

9. Our team will celebrate --------- they win the match. ( if , unless , when , even if )

10. --------------- everyone works hard, we’ll all pass our exams. (Provided that , Unless , When , Even if )

11. Babies are usually happy --------- they’re hungry or cold. (as long as – provided that – unless – if ) 2018

12. We should always be polite ---------- we feel tired. (as long as , unless , when , even if )

13. During Ramadan, Muslims eat ------------ the sun sets. (as long as , unless , when , even if ) 2018

14. I'll phone you ------------I miss the bus , so that you pick. ( if , unless , when , even if )

15. We'll go out to our favourite restaurant ------------ it's closed. (as long as , unless , when , even if )

16. I'll take the job offer ------ it's part time – I haven't finished my university studies yet (provided that , unless , when , even if )

17. We have to go to school ---------- we're tired. (as long as , unless , when , even if )

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Pronunciation : Sentence stress – p-69

The word in bold in each sentence indicates the stress. How does the meaning of each sentence differ?

a. I retired when I was 60, which was in 1999 CE.

b. I retired when I was 60, which was in 1999 CE.

c. I retired when I was 60, which was in 1999 CE.

d. I retired when I was 60, which was in 1999 CE.

Answers :

a. It was I, not someone else, who retired.

b. I did other things when I was 60, but this is when I retired.

c. I was 60 when I retired not another age.

d. It was in 1999 CE when I retired, not another year in the 1990s.

Functions

Cleft Sentences

1.to emphasize certain pieces of information .

- Ahmad is the person who ……

Defining relative clauses

1.to identify which particular person, place or thing is being talked about . –

There are many animals which have four legs.

Non-defining relative clauses

1.to give more detail about a particular person, place or thing that is being talked about.

The Sahara desert, which is in Africa, is very hot.

Functions

Giving Advice

1. Why don't you + V-inf. 2. If I were you, I would 3. You could + V-inf. ….

4. Have you thought about ….. ? 5. It would be a good idea for you to… 6. ought to… 7. Should

Showing cause / reason : ( Linking words )

(because / as / since / because of / due to) - We were late due to the traffic.

Showing result / consequences : ( Linking words )

(therefore/ so / as a result, / because of that, / consequently)

We were caught in traffic, so we missed the start of the play .

To express regrets about the past : ( wish = if only + had V3 )

I wish I had done more work for my exam. Unreal past forms for past regrets

[

To express wishes about the present that are impossible or unlikely to happen ( wish = if only + V2 )

I wish I knew the answer Unreal past forms for present wishes

Describe something that always happens after a certain action or event. (the inevitable consequence)

If you boil water , it evaporates The zero conditional (if + Present Simple/Present Simple)

Describe a future outcome of a certain future action or event

If Sami studies hard , he will pass all his exams The first conditional (if + Present Simple / will + Present Simple)

To imagine past situations :

If I had stayed at home, I would have celebrated. The third conditional (if + Past Perfect / would have + past participle) :

Giving Advice : Rewrite the advice, using the words in brackets.

1. You should practise the presentation several times.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (were)

2. It would be a good idea for you to make a list of questions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (could)

3. You ought to get some work experience.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------(don’t)

4. You shouldn’t look too casual.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------(If)

5. You should do a lot of research.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------(would)

6. You shouldn’t worry so much. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (If)

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Complete the following mini-dialogues by giving advice :

1. A: I would like to get a job as a teacher of English. B: ----------------------- study English at university?

2. A: I want to learn Chinese, but they don’t teach it in my school. B: You ----------------- do a Chinese course online.

3. A: I don’t understand what we have to do for homework. B: -------------------------- , I would ask the teacher.

Showing cause :

1. We couldn’t go to the stadium because / as / since there weren’t any tickets left

2. As / Since / Because I was tired, I went to bed.

3. We were late because of / due to the traffic.

Showing result :

4. We were caught in traffic, therefore / so we missed the start of the play.

5. She worked hard; as a result, / because of that, / consequently, she did very well in her exams

We couldn't go to the stadium since there weren't any tickets left.

What is the function of using since in the above sentence ? -------------------------------------------------------------- 2016

Choose the correct answer :

1. We were late --------------------------- the traffic. ( because - as - since - due to )

2. ---------------------------I was tired, I went to bed. ( because - because of - due to )

3. We were caught in traffic, --------------- we missed the start of the play. ( therefore - as a result - consequently )

4. She worked hard; --------------------------, she did very well in her exams ( therefore - so - consequently )

طبيب عالم رياضيات هندسة عالم كيمياء متعدد الثقافة حساب فيلسوف

Philosopher – arithmetic – Polymath – chemist – geometry – Mathematician – physician

1. My father teaches Maths. He's a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 You must not take in medicine without consulting a --------------------------------------------------

3 We learn about shapes, lines and angles when we study ----------------------------------------------

4 Mr Shahin is a true , working in all kinds of creative and scientific fields--------------------------

5 Ramzi is very good with numbers and calculations. He always scores high in --------------------

6 A is someone who thinks and writes about the meaning of life---------------------------------------

Answers : 1- mathematician 2- physician 3- geometry 4- polymath 5- arithmetic 6- philosopher

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نفايات متجدد طاقة مشاة محايد صديق خالي انبعاث مزارع فائدة

benefit – farms – footprint – free – friendly – neutral – pedestrian – power – renewable – waste

1. In hot countries, solar------------------------- is an important source of energy.

2. Green projects are environmentally ------------------------

3. Wind -------------------------- are an example of --------------------------------------- energy.

4. If a city recycles everything and doesn't throw anything away, it is zero ----------------------

5. We burn carbon whenever we use oil, coal or gas. This is known as our carbon ----------------------

6. If we replace as much carbon as we burn, we are carbon----------------------------.

7. A place where no cars are allowed is a car ---------------. Zone, and it is -------------------- friendly.

Answers : 1 power 2 friendly 3 farms; renewable 4 waste 5 footprint 6 neutral 7 free; pedestrian

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سجل الداء سابق مستعد صبور يفاوض خلاف يحل الخلاف

( compromise - conflict - negotiate - patient - prepared - previous - track record )

1. When you talk about business and try to do a deal, you _____________.

2. When you are ready for something, you are _____________ for it.

3. When you can prove that you have experience, you have a _____________.

4. When two sides disagree and argue, there is _____________.

5. When each side changes their position a little so that they can agree, they have managed to__________.

6. When you stay calm and take your time, you are being _____________.

Answers : 1 negotiate 2 prepared 3 track record 4 conflict 5. compromise 6. Patient

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ترجمة مجزي اقليمي ندوة يترجم فوري سماعات مهنة

( career - headphones - interpret - seminar - regional - rewarding - translation )

1. Please listen to the music through ------------------------------, so that you don’t disturb anybody.

2. I have just read a ------------------------------of a book by a Japanese author.

3. In the UK, there is a central government, but there are also ------------------------ councils around the country.

4. My uncle is fluent in several languages. He is often able to ---------------------- for us during conversations with foreigners.

5. Nada made a successful presentation at a----------------------------------in Irbid last month.

6. Doing volunteer work can be a very------------------------------ experience.

Answers : 1. headphones 2. translation 3. regional 4. interpret 5. seminar 6. rewarding

اجتماع اتفاق مهنة مسؤول ناجح مجزي امن ارتياح ياخذ

( taking - satisfaction - secure - rewarding - successful - responsible - job - agreement - meeting )

1. Ali is thinking of -------------------------------a course in Agriculture.

2. I get a feeling of ----------------------------- after a hard day’s work.

3. Make sure your online passwords are -------------------------------------------.

4. In order to work in fi nance, you need to be a very ----------------------------------- person.

5. My friend has just got a ------------------------------------- at our local bank.

6. After a long ------------------------------------ , we managed to do a deal.

Answers : 1. taking 2. satisfaction 3. secure 4. responsible 5. job 6. meeting

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Complete the text with the suitable words derived from the words in brackets:

Madaba is the place where most Jordanian weavers buy their raw materials. Sheep‘s wool, and goat and camel hair are used by Bedouin tribes and villagers all over Jordan to (1) ---------------- (product) rugs, bags and other beautiful items. (2)--------------------- (Traditional), the whole process is done by hand, from the washing of the wool to the finished article. There is a particular Bedouin style of (3)----------------- (weave) that buyers find very (4)---------------- (attraction). Another craft practised in Madaba is the (5)----------------------- (creative) of ceramic items.

Answers : 1. produce 2. Traditionally 3. weaving 4. attractive 5. creation

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Applying for a job at a pharmaceutical company. Read and complete the two curriculum vitaes

Dear Sir/Madam,

I would like to apply for the position of researcher at your pharmaceutical company. As can be seen from the enclosed curriculum vitae that I have a degree in Chemistry. Furthermore, I have worked as a shop assistant at a chemist’s, so I know a lot about this industry.

I also have a qualification in Journalism and have worked previously for a scientifi c journal.

I have excellent research skills.

In my spare time, I help elderly people, and I can see the difference that medicines can make to their lives. I am very keen to join a company that can really help people.

I look forward to hearing from you concerning the next stage of my application.

Yours faithfully,

Tareq Hakim

سيدي العزيز / سيدتي ،

أود أن اتقدم بطلب للحصول على وظيفة باحث في شركة الأدوية الخاصة بكم . كما يتبين من السيرة الذاتية المرفقة التي تبين ان لدي شهادة جامعية في الكيمياء . وعلاوة على ذلك ، لقد عملت كمساعد بائع في الصيدلية ، لذلك انا اعرف الكثير عن هذه الصناعة .

ولدي أيضا مؤهل في الصحافة وعملت سابقا في مجلة علمية . لدي مهارات ممتازة في مجال البحث .

في وقت فراغي ، اساعد كبار السن ، وأستطيع أن أرى الفرق الذي تعمله الأدوية لحياتهم . أنا حريص جدا على الانضمام الى الشركة التي يمكن أن تساعد الناس فعلا .

وإنني أتطلع إلى الاستماع منكم (الرد) بشأن المرحلة المقبلة من طلبي .

المخلص لك،

طارق الحكيم

Contact details - Name - Personal attributes - Qualifications and training -

Skills and achievements - Work experience - Reference -

curriculum vitaes Headings

- Tareq Hakim Name

- 5 - North Street , Ajloun.

- 2009 – 2012 : shop assistant at a chemist’s / 2012–2014: reporter for Medicine Today 2014 – now : editor at a scientific journal.

- Degree in Chemistry (graduated 2008) ; Certificate in Journalism (2011).

- Captain of school basketball team;

Voluntary work for a charity that helps elderly people.

- I am a conscientious worker and I am very enthusiastic about working in pharmaceuticals

- Osama Hayek, Chemistry teacher at my secondary school.

Comprehension

1. Write down two . / Mention two . / There are two ……………. . Write them down .

2. Write down two . / Mention two . / There are two ……………. . Write them down .

3. Quote the sentence which indicates (shows / states / tells) that ---------- . Write down the sentence……..

4. Find a word / a phrasal verb which means ……………. . / which have the same meaning of …………

5. What does the underlined pronoun "it" / he / they …… refer to ?

6. ………………………. . Explain this statement , and in two sentences, write down your point of view.

Answer : I think ------------------------------------------ because + S + V ------------------------------------------------------ .

Also , -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

7. Suggest three--------- / Mention three --------------- ( reasons / results / advantages / disadvantages / ways …. )

I suggest :

- Increasing awareness - Developing skills - Developing abilities - Using social media - Decreasing --------------

- Saving time and effort - Preparing - Trying hard - Keeping trying - Doing ------------- -

- Being careful - Helping ---------- - Increasing ------------ - Making ------------ - Developing -------------

كلمات مهمة في القطع

disadvantages advantages اسباب causes اسباب reasons طرق methods طرق ways

منشات facilities اختلاف differences اقتراح suggestions عوامل factors حلول solutions نتائج results

تغيرات changes مهارات skills انجازاتachievements عقاب punishments مشاكل problems صعوبات difficulties

مجالات aspects افكار ideas ميزات characteristics اهداف aims صفات qualities ميزات features

consequences انواع types انواع kinds امثلة examples conditions ظروف مشاكل troubles

reasons / causes effects / impact يؤثر influence يصف describe goals / purposes اهداف objectives

يشير الى indicate اقتبس quote اوجد find كلمة word فقرة paragraph نص text

تحته خط underlined جملة sentence يفضل prefer تبين state يبين show يخبر tell

التالي following وفقا ل according اذكر mention اقترح suggest علل justify اكتب write down

نظرة view خطوات steps يعني mean اوصف describe

The importance of Islamic achievements in history

Jabir ibn Hayyan (born 722 CE, died 815 CE)

The Arab world has many famous chemists in its history, but the person who is known as the founder of chemistry is probably Jabir ibn Hayyan. He is most well known for the beginning of the production of sulphuric acid. He also built a set of scales which changed the way in which chemists weighed items in a laboratory: his scales could weigh items over 6,000 times smaller than a kilogram.

1. Who is Jabir bin Hayyan ? He is the founder of Chemistry . ( A famous Arab chemist )

2. Mention two of his achievements : a. The production of sulphuric acid. b. He also built a set of scales

Ali ibn Nafi ’ (Ziryab) (born 789 CE, died 857 CE)

Ali ibn Nafi ’ is also known as ‘Ziryab’ (or ‘Blackbird’, because of his beautiful voice). He was a gifted pupil of a famous musician from Baghdad, and it was his talent for music that led him to Cordoba in the ninth century CE. He was the guest of the Umayyad ruler there. He is the person who established the first music school in the world in Cordoba, Al-Andalus, teaching musical harmony and composition. revolutionized musical theory, and is also the person who introduced the oud to Europe.

1. Mention two of Ali Bin Nafi's achievements :

a. He established the first music school in the world . b. He introduced the oud to Europe.

2. What is the purpose of establishing the music school?

Teaching musical harmony and composition.

3. Why did Ali Ibn Nafi' go to Cordoba ? What led him to Cordoba ? His talent for music

Fatima al-Fihri (born early 9th century, died 880 CE)

Fatima al-Fihri was the daughter of a wealthy businessman. She used her father’s inheritance to build a learning centre in Fez, Morocco. This learning centre became Morocco’s top university, and it is where many students from all over the world come to study. Moreover, it was Fatima’s sister, Mariam, who supervised the building of the Andalus Mosque, which was not far from the learning centre.

1. What was the achievement of Fatima al-Fihri ? She built a learning centre in Fez, Morocco.

2. What was the achievement of Fatima's sister Mariam ? She supervised the building of the Andalus Mosque.

3. How did Fatma build the learning centre ? inheritance : Things you give others after death

She used her father’s inheritance.

Al-Kindi (born around 801 CE, died 873 CE)

Al-Kindi was a physician, philosopher, mathematician, chemist, musician and astronomer – a true polymath. He made ground-breaking discoveries in many of these fields, but it is probably his work in arithmetic and geometry that has made him most famous.

1. What was AlKindi good at ?

Al-Kindi was a physician, philosopher, mathematician, chemist, musician and astronomer.

2. What made him most famous ? His work in arithmetic and geometry that has made him most famous

3. What is his achievement ? He made ground-breaking discoveries in many fields.

4. Quote the sentence which indicates that AlKindi has a lot of knowledge about many different subjects.

"Al-Kindi was a physician, philosopher, mathematician, chemist, musician and astronomer – a true polymath.

Arabic Meaning in English Key Word

الحساب – the study of numbers Arithmetic

الهندسة the study of relationships and measurement of points, lines, curves and surfaces Geometry

عالم رياضيات a person who studies Mathematics to a very complex level Mathematician

فيلسوف someone who studies and writes philosophy professionally Philosopher

فيزيائي someone qualified to practice medicine, ( a doctor ) Physician

متعدد الثقافة someone who has a lot of knowledge about many different subjects - expert Polymath

موهبة Special ability talent

مؤسس The person who starts something new founder

مقياس An instrument to measure weight scale

مختبر A room for scientific experiment laboratory

جذري - جديد new Ground-breaking

Masdar City – a positive step?

Mega projects are extremely large investment projects, which are designed to encourage economic growth and bring new benefits to cities. Although megaprojects vary in terms of size and cost, they are all, by definition, expensive, public projects that attract a high level of interest and media coverage. Projects range from motorways, airports, stations, tunnels, bridges, to entire city complexes. etc.

1. The writer states two benefits of creating megaprojects. Write them down.

a. They encourage economic growth. b. They bring new benefits to cities.

2. What do mega projects have in common ? = disadvantages : They are expensive, public projects.

3. The text provides many examples of mega projects . Mention two .

Motorways, airports, stations, tunnels, bridges and entire city complexes.

The concept of a megaproject is always based on the benefits it brings to a community. However, many megaprojects have been criticised because of their negative effects on a community or the environment. This essay will look at issues with regard to Masdar City, a megaproject in Abu Dhabi.

1. What are the disadvantage of mega projects ?

They have negative effects on a community and the environment. 2. expensive

2. Quote the sentence which shows the main reason to criticize mega projects ?

"However, many megaprojects have been criticised because of their negative effects on a community or the environment."

Masdar City, which began its development in 2006 CE, will be the world’s first carbon-neutral, zero waste artificially-created city. Covering an area of six square kilometres, when it is completed in 2025 CE, it is expected to house more than 40,000 residents, 50,000 commuters, and 1,500 businesses involved in mainly environmentally-friendly products. The city will run entirely on renewable energy sources. It is built on an advanced energy grid which monitors exactly how much electricity is being used by every outlet in the complex.

1. What makes Masdar city environmentally-friendly city ?

a. Masdar City will be the world’s first carbon-neutral, zero waste artificially-created city.

b. Masdar City will have environmentally-friendly products.

Furthermore, in order to reduce its carbon footprint, Masdar City will be a car-free zone, designed to be pedestrian and cycle-friendly. Electric, driverless cars will operate as public transport vehicles, and the city will be connected to other locations by a network of roads and railways. .

1. There are many procedures that will be implemented to reduce carbon footprint in Masdar city. Mention two.

a. Masdar City will be a car-free zone, designed to be pedestrian and cycle-friendly.

b. Electric, driverless cars will operate as public transport vehicles.

Energy will be provided by solar power and wind farms, and there are also plans to build the world’s largest hydrogen plant. A desalination plant will be used to provide the city’s water, with 80% of water used being recycled. Biological waste will be used as an energy source too, and industrial waste will be recycled. The current residents of Masdar City are all students at the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, a university whose students are fully committed to finding solutions to the world’s energy problems. While the project has the support of many global, environmental and conservation Organisations, there is some criticism of it. It is felt that, instead of building an Artificial sustainable city, sustainability should be made a priority of existing cities.

1. Certain power resources will supply Masdar City with energy. Write down two of these resources .

1. Solar power 2. wind farms 3. a hydrogen plant 4. Biological waste.

2. Name two materials that will be recycled in Masdar city. 1. water : 80% 2. industrial waste

In conclusion, the benefits of Masdar City for the community and the environment greatly outweigh any disadvantages. If the aims of the developers are realised, Masdar City will be a blueprint for future urban planning that will inspire similar megaprojects in other countries.

1. What will happen if the aims of the developers are realized ?

Masdar City will be a blueprint for future urban planning that will inspire similar megaprojects in other countries.

خالي من النفايات producing no waste zero-waste

تحلية The process of removing salt from sea water so that it can be used again desalination

ينتقد To evaluate or analyse – not approved criticise

اعادة صناعة, تدوير reuse recycle

يفوق - اهم To be more important than something else 16 outweigh

Ibn Bassal

Ibn Bassal was a writer, a scientist and an engineer who lived in Al-Andalus in the eleventh century CE. He worked in the court of Al-Ma’mun, who was the king of Toledo. His great passions were botany, which is the study of plants and agriculture. Although he was a great scholar, he was also a practical man and all of his writing came from his own "hands-on" experience of working the land.

1. What was Ibn Bassal famous for ? Writing - Science - engineering - botany

2. What is "botany" ? The study of plants and agriculture.

One of the many things which Ibn Bassal achieved was A Book of Agriculture. The book consisted of sixteen chapters which explain how best to grow trees, fruit and vegetables, as well as herbs and sweet smelling flowers; perhaps the most famous chapter of all was the one that described how to treat different types of soil. Ibn Bassal also worked out how to irrigate the land by finding underground water and digging wells. He designed water pumps and irrigation systems. All of these things were passed on through his writing.

1. Name two of Ibn Bassal Achievements ?

Writing a book of agriculture – designing water pumps – irrigation systems.

Finding underground water - digging wells

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The influence of Ibn Bassal’s book was enormous. As farmers down the generations followed his instructions and advice, the land became wonderfully fertile and produced more than enough food for the fast-growing population. The irrigation systems that he and his followers put in place are still in evidence in Spain. Although his name is not widely known, Ibn Bassal’s legacy to the world has been great.

1. Why did the land become fertile and produced more than enough food for the fast-growing population. ?

As farmers down the generations followed his instructions and advice

2. Why do you think the area around Toledo had "a fast-growing population"?

Because the area was producing a lot of food as a result of Ibn Bassel's irrigation system.

3. Suggest three possible reasons that made the population there be a fast-growing population.

- fertile soil - good climate - good farmers - productivity of the land - water wells

Arabic Meaning in English Key Word

يسقي supply land with water irrigate

ارض خصبة produced more than enough food fertile land

عمل يدوي field working – working by hand hands on

تركة what someone leaves to the world after his death legacy

2017صادرات وواردات بلدنا Our country’s imports and exports (SB, p.66)

In this report, we (researchers) will look at the countries that (countries) Jordan trades with and what goods it (Jordan) exports and imports.

First, let’s look at exports. Jordan is rich in potash and phosphate, and the extraction industry for these minerals is one of the largest in the world. Not surprisingly, two of Jordan’s largest exports are chemicals and fertilisers. Pharmaceuticals and other industries represent 30% of Jordan’s Gross Domestic Product(GDP), and 75% of Jordan’s pharmaceuticals are exported. However, the majority (65%) of the economy is dominated by services, mostly travel and tourism. Most of Jordan’s exports go to Iraq, the USA, India and Saudi Arabia.

Now let’s look at imports. Unlike some other countries in the Middle East, Jordan does not have large oil or gas reserves. For that reason, Jordan has to import oil and gas for its (Jordan's) energy needs. Its (Jordan's) other main imports are cars, medicines and wheat. In 2013 CE, 23.6 % of Jordan’s imports were from Saudi Arabia. This (23.6 …..) was followed by the EU, with 17.6 % of its imports. Other imports have come from China and the United States.

Jordan has more free trade agreements than any other Arab country, and it trades freely with many countries, including the USA, Canada and Malaysia. Which other areas are important for Jordan’s trade? Jordan first signed a trade agreement with the EU in 1997 CE. It (Jordan )signed a free trade agreement with Egypt, Morocco and Tunisian in 2004 CE. In 2011 CE, another trade agreement was made with the EU, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. Trade with the EU and North Africa in particular is likely to grow.

Our country's exports and imports

اتفاقیة promise to do something agreement

محلي happening in one particular country domestic

یھیمن -یسیطر to be the most important feature of something dominate

صادرات goods sold to another country exports

استخراج / استخلاص removing something from something else extraction

سماد a substance that is put on the land to make crops grow fertiliser

بضائع things that are produced in order to be sold goods

إجمالي الناتج المحلي a country’s total output of goods and services Gross Domestic Product

واردات goods bought from other countries imports

معدن a substance that is present in some foods / a substance that is found in the earth mineral

شركات أدویة companies which produce medicine pharmaceuticals

مخزون something kept back or set aside reserve

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