موضوع عن التنمية البشرية باللغة الانجليزية
مصطلحات التنمية البشرية باللغة الانجليزية
مدرب تنمية بشرية بالانجليزي
معنى كلمة تنمية بشرية بالانجليزى
مصطلحات التنمية البشرية
خصائص التنمية البشرية
بحث باللغة الانجليزية طويل
موضوع عن تطوير الذات بالانجليزي
كورس تنمية بشرية بالانجليزي
Human development
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standard of living for countries around the world. It is a standard way of measuring well-being, especially the well-being of the child. It is used to determine and indicate whether a country is a developed, developing or underdeveloped country, as well as to measure the impact of economic policies on the quality of life. [1] The index was developed in 1990 by Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, with the help of Gustav Ranis of Yale University and Lord Meghnad Desai of the London School of Economics. It has since been used by the United Nations Development Program. in its annual report on human development. Described by Amartya Sen as a "vulgar measure", because of its limitations, it nonetheless draws attention to aspects of development more sensible and useful than the measure of per capita income it has supplanted, and is a means of serious researchers to embark on Detailed measures contained in human development reports. The HDI measures the average results obtained in a country according to three fundamental dimensions of human development:
A long and healthy life, measured by life expectancy at birth. Awareness, measured by the adult literacy rate (with a two-thirds weighting) and by the combined gross primary, secondary and tertiary sector (with a one-third weighting). A decent standard of living, measured by the logarithm of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD. Every year, UN member states are listed and ranked according to these measures. Those at the top of the list often advertise them (for example, Jean Chrétien, former Prime Minister of Canada [1]) as a means of attracting talented immigrants (economically, individual capital).
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