The economic globalization of sport
There is no economic accounting of sport at the global or international level (Andreff, 2010 a ). An estimate of the size of the main sports markets in 2004 is:
. Global market for all goods and services for these athletes: € 550-600 billion .
. M World football arket (all goods and services related to c e sport) : € 250 billion .
. World market for all sporting goods: € 150 billion .
. C rade internat ional of artic sports them: $ 30 billion (M. & W. Andreff, 2009).
. M arket world of TV rights to events athletes: € 60 billion .
. M World of sponsorin arket g sport : € 18 billion .
. M World arket do the page : 6 billion € (in 2006) .
The globalization of an economy of sport is in part related to the extension of paid leave and increased time free in the pay s deve loped s global economy and, more recently, in some emerging countries . The rapid deve lopment of the leisure market included t the proliferation of sports events made a spectacle. The second trend that prompted the sports economy to globalize is the televising of sports since fifties, whose landmark development date are broadcasts in Eurovision and in mond i ovision . They have ceased to make developed countries the only privileged markets for the dissemination of portable images by opening up access to major sports competitions to viewers from all over the world . The latest significant development is the emergence of NTIC (new information and communication technologies) - from the Internet to the webcam and the mobile phone - thanks to which sports images can be transmitted instantly at any time at any time. point of the globe.
A first component of the economic globalization of sport is the organization of major international sports competitions. The modern Olympic Games have continued to internationalize, judging by the constant increase in the number of participating countries over the past decades (Table 1). With the organization of world championships in most sports disciplines, the international sports federations are participating in this globalization . D are co international mpétitions between clubs sports , such as the Champions League European football , also contribute also . There is a rapid growth in the number of mega international sporting events taking place each year: they numbered 20 in 1912, 315 in 1977, 660 in 1987 and 1,000 in 2005 (Bourg & Gouguet, 2005) . Or three world sporting events per day on average.
As for the market for televised events spor tive, it is absolutely world : the world's major sporting events are shown in the number ux country : 220 for the FIFA M o n of football and the Olympic Games summer, for 208 the motorcycle world championship, 206 for the Formula 1 Grand Prix circuit, 200 for the athletics world championships , 195 for the Rolan d Garros tennis internationals , 180 for the Rugby World Cup and 170 for the Tour de France cyclist. The cumulative global audience ranges from around 1 billion viewers for the Tour de France to 5 billion for the Summer Olympics, 25 to 30 billion for the World Football Cup and more than 50 billion for a season. of F1 . The retransmi ssions television reinforce différenciatio n between sports: football has increasingly better coverage mediate ic television and that's why we retain in this chapter . The globalization of televised sports shows has given sports sponsorship a new dimension : global . The sponsors of world sporting events are multinational corporations ( MNFs) from the sporting goods industry and other industries. Just as the football clubs regularly participating in European competitions have transformed into FMNs (Andreff, 2010b).
The production quality of sporting events by clubs, not just by national teams, has led the globalization of the market for talent and work sp ortifs high level by means of international transfers of athletes . This market was fully deregulated in European football in from Bosman in 1995. Deregulation, which then spread to other sports and the very continent following Malaja stops Kolpak and Simutenkov, p uis the agreements Cotonou (2001) between the European Union and the countries of Asia-Caribbean-Pacific. In some countries, a sport can completely lose control of its transfer balance (difference between players transferred abroad and players transferred from abroad), such as French professional football in the early 2000s. n the parallel market for underage players has become globalized and circumvents one of the rules established by FIFA regulations in 2001 , namely the ban on transfers under the age of 18 [5] .
Note also transfer technical interna tional in global sports . Thus there existed different tactics to evolve a football team on the field over time, such as WM, the 4.2.4, the 4.3.3., And today the 4.4.2 and 4.5.1 . When the Brazil team introduced 4.2.4 and won the 1958 FIFA World Cup, this playing tactic was adopted by (transferred to) other countries and became dominant during the 1960s. In 1962, Brazil won the World Cup by playing 4.3.3, a technique later adopted by many teams and dominant in the 1970s. Since then even more defensive tactics have emerged (Andreff & Raballand, 2010). Kuper and Szymanski (2009) show with the case of Guus Hiddink and some other famous coaches of international football how they propagated the most elaborate playing technique[6] in force in major European clubs to countries such as South Korea, Japan, Greece, Turkey, China, Australia and Russia. All of these countries have seen their performances improve in world football after this transfer of technology.
Finally, the globalization of the sports economy is exploited by those who are involved in a kind of parallel sports economy based on accounting and financial rigging, embezzlement, match fixing, corruption, dirty money laundering. etc. practices to what s globalized sports tend to drift more easily than the other - or at least more visible (Andreff 1999 & 2 007 a ) . We don 'not insist afterwards c es drifts Financial sport that does Epáno uissent never more so than with globalization allowing them to escape all control by moving around the world. They raise even more than the other dimensions of the economic globalization of sport the question of the regulations necessary to maintain the ethical quality of sporting events.
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