reported speech exercise
Pair work activities
Talk in pairs. Look at the three types of holiday below. Which of them do you prefer and why? Compare
the three places using the adjectives given. 3d
I think a holiday in the mountains is more interesting than a holiday in the city.
Yes, but it’s more tiring because you go hiking...
Talk in pairs. Look at the flyers below and discuss what you can do at each place. Then decide where
you will go. 6b
If we visit Blue World Aquarium, we will feed dolphins.
Yes, but if we visit MegaMall, we can shop in over 600 shops!
Tour
the city A luxury holiday
on the beach Experience nature
in the mountains
interesting boring cheap expensive relaxing tiring
Come to
unforgettable
experience...
for an
Blue World
Aquarium
≈ feed the dolphins
≈ swim with dolphins
≈ watch dolphin shows
≈ help name a baby
dolphin
≈ watch a 4-D documentary
about marine life
Ticket prices: Adults £14.50
Children (up to 14) £10.50
Students £12.50
You’ll need more than a few
hours to shop at this mall!
. over 600 shops
. 200 restaurants
(cuisine from over 20 countries)
. bowling alley
This week 15% discount in all shops
and 10% in restaurants
MegaMall
119
Pair work activities
STUDENT B
A. Listen to Student A’s story and guess the ending. 2c
It was a nice spring afternoon. Ted was relaxing in his back garden when ...
hear strange noise surprised gap
decide follow behind bushes
B. The pictures below tell a story. Tell Student A what happened in the four pictures and let him/her
guess what happened at the end of the story. Use the words/phrases in the box and start like this:
STUDENT B
A. Imagine that you want to stay at the
Sheringham Hotel. Student A works
there. Use the prompts to ask for
information.
3c B. Imagine that you work at the Longbourne Youth
Hostel. Look at the information below and answer
Student A’s questions.
• how much / room / cost?
• what time / breakfast?
• what / have / rooms?
• what / extra facilities / hotel / offer?
Sheringham Hotel, how can I help you?
I’d like some information about your hotel.
Certainly.
First of all, could you tell me how much...?
...
Also, can you tell me...
Longbourne
YOUTH HOSTEL
Prices per night:
Adults: €16.00
Under 18: €12.50
(Price includes breakfast)
Extra information
• big TV room
• in the city centre
• 2-minute walk
to underground
1 2
3 4
120
Pair work activities
GAME
Student A: Choose one of the words below without telling Student B. Describe it to him/her.
Student B: Guess what Student A is describing. 4d
It’s something that you drink in the morning.
Is it a ...?
ROLE PLAY
Talk in pairs. Act out the conversations. 7a
Student A: Imagine that you are a bank clerk and Student B is a customer who wants to
withdraw some money.
Student B: Imagine that you’re at a bank and you want to withdraw some money, but the cash
machine has broken down. Talk to Student A who is a bank clerk.
Student A: Imagine that you’re in a bureau de change and you want to exchange some money.
Talk to Student B who works there.
Student B: Imagine that you work in a bureau de change and Student A wants to exchange
some money.
Student A: Imagine that you’re passing by a cash machine. Student B is there and needs some
help. Tell him/her how to use it.
Student B: Imagine that you’re at a cash machine, but it’s your first time using it. Ask Student
A for help.
laptop
battery
coffee
hoover
mobile phone
waiter
coffee maker
headphones
fast food restaurant
shopping centre
cleaner
shop assistant
computer engineer
office worker
121
SMS MESSAGE DICTIONARY
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
2e AN E-MAIL GIVING NEWS
Use appropriate phrases to begin and end your e-mails.
Greetings Set phrases for opening paragraph Set phrases for closing paragraph Signature endings
Hello Gwen,
Dear Jamie,
Hi Lucy!
Dear Dad,
Dear Uncle Larry,
How are things?
Sorry I haven’t written for so long, but...
Thanks for your e-mail.
I’m writing to tell you about...
Hi! How have you been?
How are you?
How’s it going?
How’s life?
I hope you’re fine.
Guess what! I have some great news.
It was nice to hear from you.
What have you been up to?
Well, that’s all for now.
Write back soon.
Give my regards to everyone.
I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
I must go now.
Say hello to everyone.
Yours,
Take care,
Bye for now,
See you soon,
Best wishes,
Keep in touch,
4c NOTES / MESSAGES
Writing section
4WD = four-wheel drive
ad = advertisement
am = ante meridiem (before noon)
asap = as soon as possible
Ave. = avenue
BA = Bachelor of Arts
BSc = Bachelor of Science
C = Celsius (centigrade)
cm = centimetre(s)
Dept = department
Dr = doctor / Drive
e.g. = for example
etc. = et cetera (and other similar things)
hr(s) = hour(s)
info = information
Jan = January (Feb/Mar/Apr/Jun/Jul/Aug/Sept/Oct/
Nov/Dec)
kg = kilogram(s)
km = kilometre(s)
kph = kilometres per hour
m = metre(s)
MA = Master of Arts
min. = minute
Mon = Monday (Tue/Wed/Thur/Fri/Sat/Sun)
Mt = mountain
No. = number
p. = page
PIN = personal identification number
pm = post meridiem (after noon)
pp. = pages
PS = postscript (written at the end of a letter to add
information)
PTO = please turn over
Rd = road
sec = second
St = Street
tel. = telephone number
uni = university
vs = versus
@ = at
2DAY = today
2MORO = tomorrow
2NITE = tonight
4EVER = forever
4 = for
B = be
B4 = before
BCOZ = because
CING = seeing
CU = see you
FRND = friend
GR8 = great
H8 = hate
L8 = late
L8R = later
M8 = mate
PLZ = please
R = are
THX = thanks
U = you
W8 = wait
XLNT = excellent
Y = why
122
6e A BOOK REVIEW
5c
A LETTER ASKING FOR OR GIVING ADVICE
Set phrases
commonly used in
a letter asking for
advice:
Set phrases
commonly used
in a letter giving
advice:
• I have a problem and I’d like your advice.
• I hope you can help me with a problem.
• I need your advice because I don’t know what to do.
• What should I do?
• What do you think?
• I feel helpless/terrible.
• I’m anxiously waiting for your reply.
• I look forward to hearing from you.
• I hope my advice will help you.
• In my opinion, you should(n’t)/’d better...
• I advise you to...
• Here are some tips to help you deal with your problem.
• One thing you can do is...
• How/What about...?
• Why don’t you...?
• I hope everything goes well.
• Good luck!
Expressions/Phrases commonly used in a book review:
• It’s a biography / a novel, etc.
• The hero / heroine is...
• This best-selling book...
• It was written by...
• The story is set in... / is about...
• The book was published in...
• The book is action-packed/hilarious/interesting/boring/
long/descriptive/disappointing, etc.
• The plot is fantastic/awful, etc.
• The illustrations are amazing/(un)realistic, etc.
• The ending is surprising/exciting, etc.
• The writing style is excellent/horrible, etc.
• Overall, I found the book exciting/boring, etc.
• I definitely recommend it.
• It’s a great book for action lovers / fans.
• It’s (only) suitable for children/adults.
• It’s (not) worth reading.
• It’s a classic.
8e AN E-MAIL BASED ON PROMPTS
Use some of the phrases/expressions in your e-mail to:
invite
I just want to let you know that I...
I’d like to invite you to...
I’m writing to invite you to...
How about coming to...?
Would you like to come to...?
I hope you can make it to...
refuse an
invitation
It was nice of you to invite me but...
I’d like to come but... Maybe some other time.
I’m afraid I can’t make it because...
I’m sorry but I have to...
Unfortunately, I won’t be able to make it.
accept an
invitation
I’m writing to thank you for the invitation.
How could I say no?
I’m really looking forward to it.
I’d love to come.
Thanks for inviting me.
Sounds great/ brilliant/ perfect!
That would be great.
I just love the idea of...
make
arrangements
How about...?
Why don’t we...?
What do you think about...?
What if we...?
We can/could...
Let’s...
I think it would be a good idea to...
There is a nice... where we/you can go...
Writing section
123
Poems
Circle the correct words. Then
listen and check your answers.
MODULE 2
Broaden your mind
And see what you can find
Life’s an adventure
So, broaden your mind
Get out there, don’t just stay / go indoors
Travel to somewhere you’ve never been again / before
You learn / talk about cultures and lots lots more
Visit a city, the choice / place is yours!
Maybe it’s time to learn something new / now
Life is too short / long and that is the truth
Read a book, play / start
a hobby, it’s up to you
You’ll be surprised / interested
with what you can do
Be adventurous with what you
eat / taste
Try mixing veggies with your favourite kind of
meat / meal
Add some spices / honey
to make your meal complete
Eat exotic food and
give / have yourself a treat
Complete with the words in the box.
Then listen and check your
answers.
MODULE 4
Modern life, tell me what it’s ?
Buying things that you can do
Rushing around at super fast
Let me tell you, what we all need...
Just slow down
Take a look around
And take it easy
Modern life, let’s
An SMS to say you’ll be
A note on the , please call me
Too many e-mails for you to read
Modern life, plug in and
the latest gadgets, I want them all!
Modern life, it’s too much for me
Let me out, I want to be
I need a , and I need it now
One thing’s for sure, I need to slow down
MODERN LIFE
BROADEN YOUR MIND
free speed fridge late install
communicate change without about
124
MODULE 6
MODULE 8
Complete with the words in the box.
Then listen and check your answers.
I’ve been sitting in this sofa / chair all day
There’s nothing / something to do today
Maybe I’ll try out a sport / game
Dribble, kick, pass, shoot and score!
Let’s get active, I wanna shout!
Come on, I think it’s time to go out!
This is really not a day to be down / lazy
If I stay inside today, I’ll go / be crazy
I know, I’ll give them / someone a call!
Steve, Fred, Mark or Paul!
I’m bored out of my mind
You know what, so / neither am I
I don’t wanna stay / be in tonight
I suppose / agree, neither do I
Circle the correct words. Then listen and check your answers.
Let’s get active!
Avoid putting hands on in Indonesia
Especially when you’re out and about
Because if you’re and anyone sees you
They’ll think you’re getting and shout.
If you want to ask someone `What’s on?’
Over in Puerto Rico, as everyone knows
It doesn’t where you may be from
There’s no need to say it, just wiggle your .
People sometimes their heads in Argentina
It just means they’re thinking, you will find
However, in other countries that I’ve been to
It often means `Are you out of your mind?’
angry nose going hips
tap matter talking
GESTURES
Poems
125
126
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Present Simple Present Progressive
usually, always, often, etc.
every day/week, etc.
in the morning/spring, etc.
on Mondays/Monday
morning, etc.
at the weekend, etc.
once/twice/three times, etc.
a week/day, etc.
now, at the moment,
today, these days,
this week/year, etc.
tonight, tomorrow, etc.
next week/year, etc.
Grammar Reference
Stative Verbs
We use the Past Simple for:
• actions that started and were completed at a specific time
in the past.
We bought our house five years ago.
• habitual or repeated actions in the past.
I always went to bed early when I lived with my parents.
• completed actions that happened one after the
other in the past.
I made a sandwich, turned on the TV and watched the match.
Past Simple
NOTE
Irregular verbs in the Past Simple don’t take -ed.
Look at the list of irregular verbs on page 135.
Module 1
Present Simple vs Present Progressive
PRESENT SIMPLE
Questions
Do I work?
Does he/she/it work?
Do we/you/they work?
Affirmative
I work
He/She/It works
We/You/They work
Negative
I don’t work
He/She/It doesn’t work
We/You/They don’t work
NOTE The Past Simple of the verb can is could.
The Past Simple of the verb be is was/were.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
last night / week / year, etc.
yesterday, ago, in 1999, etc.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Affirmative
I am working
He/She/It is working
We/You/They are working
Negative
I ’m not working
He/She/It isn’t working
We/You/They aren’t working
Questions
Am I working?
Is he/she/it working?
Are we/you/they working?
We use the
Present Simple:
• for permanent states.
Ben lives in London.
• for habits or actions that
happen regularly.
We always have breakfast at
eight.
• for general truths.
The Earth goes round the sun.
We use the Present
Progressive:
• for temporary states.
I’m taking driving lessons
this month.
• for actions happening at
the moment of speaking.
Mark is sleeping now.
• for future arrangements.
We’re flying to Acapulco
tonight.
The following verbs are not normally used in progressive tenses:
• Verbs of the senses:
feel, hear, smell, taste, seem, look (=seem), appear, etc.
• Verbs of emotion:
like, dislike, love, hate, want, need, prefer, etc.
• Verbs of perception and opinions:
know, mean, think, understand, remember, forget, imagine,
hope, believe, etc.
• Other verbs:
be, have, own, belong, cost, etc.
Affirmative
I/He/She/It
used to play
We/You/They
Negative
I/He/She/It
didn’t use to play
We/You/They
Questions
Did
I/he/she/it use to play?
we/you/they
Used to
• We use used to to talk about something that happened
regularly in the past, but no longer does.
We used to go skateboarding every afternoon when we
were young.
Affirmative
I/He/She/It
worked/went
We/You/They
Negative
I/He/She/It
didn’t work/go
We/You/They
Questions
Did
I/he/she/it work/go?
we/you/they
127
Prepositions of Time
at at six o’clock / at half past two
at noon / at night / at midnight / at midday
at the weekend
at breakfast/lunch/dinner
at fifteen / at the age of twenty
at the moment
in in the morning/afternoon/evening
in April
in spring/winter/autumn/summer
in 2006 / in the 20th century
in my free time
on on Friday
on Friday morning/afternoon, etc.
on weekdays
on 15th May
during I met him during my trip to Venice.
after He left after lunch.
before He arrived before midnight.
from... till/until/to We usually work from nine till/until/to five.
ago I came back from work an hour ago.
• We use some + uncountable / plural countable nouns in
affirmative sentences and offers.
There is some orange juice in the fridge.
Would you like some chips?
• We use any + uncountable / plural countable nouns in
questions and negative sentences.
Is there any orange juice in the fridge?
There aren’t any chips on the table.
• We use no (= not any) + uncountable / plural countable
nouns in affirmative sentences to give a negative meaning.
There is no cheese in the fridge. (= There isn’t any cheese
in the fridge.)
• We use much with uncountable nouns, in questions
and negative sentences.
We don’t have much money.
• We use many with plural countable nouns, usually in
questions and negative sentences.
There aren't many books in the bookcase.
• We use a lot of/lots of with uncountable and plural
countable nouns, usually in affirmative sentences.
There is a lot of coffee in my cup.
There are lots of apples in the fridge.
• We use a little with uncountable nouns, in affirmative
sentences.
There is a little cheese on the table.
• We use a few with plural countable nouns, in affirmative
sentences.
There are a few magazines on the table.
Module 2
Past Progressive
We use the Past Progressive:
• for actions that were happening at a specific point of
time in the past.
I was watching TV at 7 o’clock yesterday evening.
• to describe background scenes to a story.
Jack was walking in the forest and it was raining.
• for actions that were happening at the same time in
the past. In this case, we usually use while.
While I was watching TV, my mother was cooking.
Affirmative
I/He/She/It was working
We/You/They were working
Negative
I/He/She/It wasn’t working
We/You/They weren’t working
Questions
Was I/he/she/it working?
Were we/you/they working?
Quantifiers
(some/any/no/much/many/a lot of/lots of/
(a) little/(a) few)
NOTE
We use as soon as with the Past Simple.
As soon as they left, we started cleaning up the
house.
Past Simple vs Past Progressive
Time clauses (when, while, as, as soon as)
• We use the Past Progressive and the Past Simple
in the same sentence when one action interrupted
another in the past. We use the Past Progressive for
the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter
action. In this case we usually use while, when or as.
As/While I was driving, I saw a boy in the street.
I was sleeping when the telephone rang.
• We use little with uncountable nouns, when there’s not
enough of something.
We’ve got very little time.
• We use few with plural countable nouns when there are
not enough of them.
There are very few tomatoes left.
NOTE
For emphasis we can use:
• very, so, too + little/few
There’s very little milk in my coffee.
• only + a little/a few
He’s got only a few friends.
When some, any, much, many, a lot, lots,
a little, a few are used as pronouns, they are
not followed by nouns.
Do you have any money? No, I don’t have any.
I don’t need any more hats. I have lots.
128
We use the Present Perfect Simple:
• for an action which happened in the past, but we don’t
mention when exactly.
I’ve travelled to the UAE twice.
• to talk about a state which started in the past and
continues up to the present.
I have lived in Athens since 1990. (I still live in Athens.)
• for an action which happened in the past and finished,
but the results are obvious in the present.
I’m tired. I’ve just finished studying.
Look! Jerry has broken his leg!
since/for
since + a point in time
It refers to the time when the
action started.
I’ve had this collection
since 1999.
for + a period of time
It refers to the duration of
the action.
I’ve had this collection
for six years.
Present Perfect Simple +
since + Past Simple
To indicate when an action
which started in the past and
continues up to the present
started.
Sam has written five
books since he became a
writer.
Questions
Have
Has
Have
worked/brought?
I
he/she/it
we/you/they
Affirmative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
worked/brought
have
has
have
Present Perfect Simple
Negative
haven’t
hasn’t worked/brought
haven’t
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
TIME EXPRESSIONS
for, since, already, just, yet, recently, lately, ever, never,
how long, once, twice, before, so far, etc.
NOTE Irregular verbs on page 135.
yet/already
yet is used only with the
question and negative form
of verbs. It is placed at the
end of the sentence.
Have you finished yet?
He hasn’t arrived yet.
already is used with the
affirmative and question form
of verbs. It is placed between
the auxiliary and the main
verb, or at the end of the
sentence for emphasis.
I’ve already seen that
documentary.
You’ve finished eating
already!
have/has gone, have/has been
• have/has gone means that someone has gone somewhere
and is still there.
The Greens have gone to Rome. (= They are still in Rome.)
• have/has been means that someone has visited a place,
but has come back.
Ian has been to the new shopping centre. (He visited the
new shopping centre at some point in the past, but he’s not
there any more.)
Module 3
can/could/may
• We use Can I..?, Could I..?, May I..? to ask for
permission.
Can/Could/May I go to the festival?
Yes, you can/may.
No, you can’t/may not.
• We use Can I..?, Could I..?, May I..? to offer help and
make requests.
Can/Could/May I help you?
Can/Could/May I have some more cake?
• We use Can/Could you..? to make polite requests and
ask for a favour. Could is more polite.
Can/Could you help me open the door?
can/could/be able to
• We use can to express ability in the present.
The baby can speak.
• We use could to express ability in the past.
I could climb trees when I was young.
• Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is
mainly used in tenses where we cannot use can.
I haven’t been able to go shopping since last month.
Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple
• We use the Present Perfect Simple for actions that
happened at some time in the past, but the exact time
is not mentioned.
I have heard this story before.
• We use the Past Simple for actions that happened at a
definite time in the past and the time is mentioned.
I heard this story on the radio last night.
• We use shall to make suggestions or to offer
to do something. Shall is used only in the first
person singular and plural (I, we).
Shall we go away for the weekend?
Shall I help you?
NOTE
129
Positive Form Comparative form Superlative form
Have to / Don’t have to / Need (to) / Needn’t /
Don’t need to / Must / Mustn’t
• We use must and have to to express obligation in the
present or future.
I must buy Ted a present for his graduation.
You have to wear a helmet when you go go-karting.
• We use need to when it is necessary for us to do something.
(We have no other choice.)
I need to talk to you.
• We use don’t have to, don’t need to and needn’t
when it isn’t necessary for us to do something.
You don’t have to go out if you don’t want to.
You don’t need to give me back the money.
He needn’t buy me a present.
• We use mustn’t when we are not allowed to do something.
You mustn’t use your mobile phone inside the building.
Affirmative
I need to go
He/She/It needs to go
We/You/They need to go
Negative
I don’t need to go
He/She/It doesn’t need to go
We/You/They don’t need to go
I
He/She/It needn’t go
We/You/They
Questions
Do I
Does he/she/it need to go?
Do we/you/they
I
Need he/she/it go?
we/you/they
• We use the superlative of adjectives when we compare one
person, animal or thing with several of the same kind.
Indirect questions
We use indirect questions when we ask for information.
Indirect questions begin with phrases like:
Can/Could you tell me...?
Do you know...?
I’d like to know...
DIRECT QUESTION
Question word + Verb + Subject
Where is the post office?
INDIRECT QUESTION
Phrase + Question word + Subject + Verb
Can you tell me where the post office is?
Other Forms of Comparison
as + adjective + as
My car is as fast as yours. (= My car and your car are
equally fast.)
not as + adjective + as
He’s not as clever as you are. (=You are cleverer than he is.)
Module 4
Future will
Affirmative
I
He/She/It will work
We/You/They
Negative
I
He/She/It will not / won’t work
We/You/They
All one-syllable and most twosyllable
adjectives take -er / -est.
One-syllable adjectives ending in
-e take -r / -st.
One-syllable adjectives ending
in one vowel + one consonant,
double the consonant before the
-er / -est.
Adjectives ending in
consonant + -y drop the y and
take -ier /-iest.
Adjectives with three or more
syllables and some two-syllable
adjectives take more + adjective /
most + adjective.
short - shorter - shortest
safe - safer - safest
big - bigger - biggest
easy - easier - easiest
dangerous -
more dangerous -
most dangerous
good
bad
far
many / much
little
better
worse
farther
further
more
less
the best
the worst
the farthest
the furthest
the most
the least
Irregular forms
FORMATION
Comparative: adjective + -er
more + adjective
John is older than Peter.
My watch is more expensive than yours.
Superlative: the + adjective + -est
most + adjective
John is the oldest boy in his class.
This watch is the most expensive of all.
} + than
} + of / in
• We use the comparative of adjectives when we compare two
people, animals or things.
Comparative and Superlative Forms
The past tense of have to and must is had to.
Need is used:
• as a main verb in all tenses, in the affirmative,
negative and question form. It is followed by to +
base form and forms the negative and question
form with auxiliary verbs.
• as a modal verb only in the negative and question
form of the Present Simple. It is followed by a base
form and forms the negative and question form
without auxiliary verbs.
NOTE
130
Relative pronouns (who, which, that) and
adverbs (where)
The relative pronouns who, which, that and the
adverb where introduce relative clauses.
• Who, which and that can be omitted when they
refer to the object.
• Where can never be omitted or replaced with
that.
NOTE
Module 5
Infinitives
We use the full infinitive (to + base form of the verb):
• to express purpose.
I’m going to the supermarket to get some fruit.
• after certain verbs: want, would like, would love, hope,
decide, manage, plan, arrange, advise, choose, learn, offer,
promise, afford, agree, expect, seem, forget, teach, need, try,
tell, etc.
I haven’t managed to find it yet.
• after it + be + adjective (it’s nice, it was stupid, etc.)
It’s difficult to explain.
• after certain adjectives: afraid, surprised, free, happy, ready,
sorry, pleased, etc.
Are you afraid to ask him?
• after too and enough
You’re too young to stay out late.
I’m strong enough to carry the box.
• after question words (who, how, what, etc.) in
indirect questions
Do you know how to get there?
We use the bare infinitive (base form of verb without to):
• after modal verbs (can, could, will, would, shall, should,
may, might, must).
Could you give me a glass of water?
You must visit the doctor today.
• after the verbs let and make (in the active voice).
She makes me study all the time.
• Time clauses begin with when, after, before, as soon as,
until, etc.
• When the sentence refers to the future, we usually use
the Present Simple in the time clause and the Future will
in the main clause.
Time Clauses (Present - Future)
We use the Future will for:
• offers.
I’ll help you with everything.
• promises.
I promise, I’ll be there for you.
• requests.
Will you do me a favour?
• on-the-spot decisions.
Fine, I’ll meet you in an hour.
• predictions, usually with the verbs think and believe.
I think he will be a great teacher one day.
will have to, will be able to
• Will have to expresses obligation in the future.
We’ll have to train hard to take part in the race.
• Will be able to expresses ability in the future.
When I go to Spain, I’ll be able to practise my Spanish.
Short answers
I I
Yes, he/she/it will. No, he/she/it won’t.
we/you/they we/you/they
Time clause Main clause
As soon as I know, I’ll tell you.
Before I leave, I’ll help you with the housework.
Pronouns Examples
PEOPLE who/that The man who/that is driving
that car is my uncle.
The teacher (who/that) I like
the most is Mrs Robins.
THINGS
ANIMALS
IDEAS
which/that The bag which/that is on the
table is mine.
The documentary (which/
that) I watched last night was
terrible.
Adverb
PLACE where The place where I live is
beautiful.
too / enough
• We use too before adjectives and adverbs. Too has a
negative meaning and it means ‘more than necessary’.
These shoes are too big. I need a smaller size.
• We use enough after adjectives and adverbs, but before
nouns. Enough has a positive meaning.
The water isn’t warm enough. We can’t go swimming.
We have enough food for tonight.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month,
in an hour/week, etc.
When the time clause comes before the main
clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma.
NOTE
We can use the verb help with a bare or full
infinitive.
I always help my brother do his homework.
I always help my brother to do his homework.
NOTE
Questions
I
Will he/she/it work?
we/you/they
131
We use the -ing form:
• after certain verbs: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, suggest,
start, finish, continue, keep, stop, begin, avoid, imagine,
spend (time), etc.
I like listening to the radio, but I hate watching TV.
• after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be
interested in, it’s worth, How/What about…?, I look
forward to, etc.
I look forward to seeing you.
• after prepositions.
I’m so excited about going on this trip.
• as a subject of a verb.
Smoking is a bad habit.
-ing form
We use should/shouldn’t + bare infinitive to:
• ask for and give advice.
Should I stay or should I go?
• express an opinion.
He should tell his father about it.
• make a suggestion.
Shouldn't we discuss it with the boss first?
• express mild obligation.
You should go to work on time.
Should / Shouldn’t
Should/shouldn’t + bare infinitive refers to the present or future.
NOTE
Use
We use the Passive Voice to emphasise the action rather
than who or what is responsible for it.
Formation
The Passive Voice is formed with the verb be in the
appropriate form and the past participle of the main verb.
Passive Voice
Present Simple
Affirmative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
am
is
are
called / given
Negative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
am
is
are
not called / given
Questions
Am
Is
Are
called / given?
I
he/she/it
we/you/they
Past Simple
Affirmative
I/He/She/It
We/You/They
was
were called / given
Negative
I/He/She/It
We/You/They
wasn’t
weren’t called / given
Questions
Was
Were
called / given?
I/he/she/it
we/you/they
The person who causes or carries out the action is
called an agent and is preceded by the preposition by.
We usually omit the agent when the action interests
us more than the agent, when we don’t know the
agent or when it is easy to figure out who the agent is.
My bag was stolen!
(by someone who we do not know)
BMW cars are made in Germany.
(by factory workers)
NOTE
Had better
We use had better + bare infinitive to give strong advice.
It often expresses threat or warning and it’s stronger than
should. It refers to the present or future, not the past. Its
negative form is had better not. In spoken English the short
form is commonly used (I’d better, you’d better, etc.).
You’d better ask a doctor about it.
Subject Verb Object
Mark wrote a letter.
A letter was written by Mark.
Passive Voice
Active Voice
Subject Verb Agent
NOTE Irregular verbs on page 135.
We use Conditional Sentences Type 1 for something which
is possible to happen in the present or future.
Conditional Sentences Type 1
Conditional Sentences consist of the if-clause and the main
clause.
May / Might / Could
The verbs may, might and could
• are followed by the base form of the verb.
• are the same in all persons in the singular and plural.
• do not form the questions and negative forms with do.
• express possibility in the present/future.
We may / might / could go to the park next week.
Module 6
We use may not/might not to express lack of
possibility in the present or future.
Henry may not/might not be able to join us.
NOTE
Pair work activities
Talk in pairs. Look at the three types of holiday below. Which of them do you prefer and why? Compare
the three places using the adjectives given. 3d
I think a holiday in the mountains is more interesting than a holiday in the city.
Yes, but it’s more tiring because you go hiking...
Talk in pairs. Look at the flyers below and discuss what you can do at each place. Then decide where
you will go. 6b
If we visit Blue World Aquarium, we will feed dolphins.
Yes, but if we visit MegaMall, we can shop in over 600 shops!
Tour
the city A luxury holiday
on the beach Experience nature
in the mountains
interesting boring cheap expensive relaxing tiring
Come to
unforgettable
experience...
for an
Blue World
Aquarium
≈ feed the dolphins
≈ swim with dolphins
≈ watch dolphin shows
≈ help name a baby
dolphin
≈ watch a 4-D documentary
about marine life
Ticket prices: Adults £14.50
Children (up to 14) £10.50
Students £12.50
You’ll need more than a few
hours to shop at this mall!
. over 600 shops
. 200 restaurants
(cuisine from over 20 countries)
. bowling alley
This week 15% discount in all shops
and 10% in restaurants
MegaMall
119
Pair work activities
STUDENT B
A. Listen to Student A’s story and guess the ending. 2c
It was a nice spring afternoon. Ted was relaxing in his back garden when ...
hear strange noise surprised gap
decide follow behind bushes
B. The pictures below tell a story. Tell Student A what happened in the four pictures and let him/her
guess what happened at the end of the story. Use the words/phrases in the box and start like this:
STUDENT B
A. Imagine that you want to stay at the
Sheringham Hotel. Student A works
there. Use the prompts to ask for
information.
3c B. Imagine that you work at the Longbourne Youth
Hostel. Look at the information below and answer
Student A’s questions.
• how much / room / cost?
• what time / breakfast?
• what / have / rooms?
• what / extra facilities / hotel / offer?
Sheringham Hotel, how can I help you?
I’d like some information about your hotel.
Certainly.
First of all, could you tell me how much...?
...
Also, can you tell me...
Longbourne
YOUTH HOSTEL
Prices per night:
Adults: €16.00
Under 18: €12.50
(Price includes breakfast)
Extra information
• big TV room
• in the city centre
• 2-minute walk
to underground
1 2
3 4
120
Pair work activities
GAME
Student A: Choose one of the words below without telling Student B. Describe it to him/her.
Student B: Guess what Student A is describing. 4d
It’s something that you drink in the morning.
Is it a ...?
ROLE PLAY
Talk in pairs. Act out the conversations. 7a
Student A: Imagine that you are a bank clerk and Student B is a customer who wants to
withdraw some money.
Student B: Imagine that you’re at a bank and you want to withdraw some money, but the cash
machine has broken down. Talk to Student A who is a bank clerk.
Student A: Imagine that you’re in a bureau de change and you want to exchange some money.
Talk to Student B who works there.
Student B: Imagine that you work in a bureau de change and Student A wants to exchange
some money.
Student A: Imagine that you’re passing by a cash machine. Student B is there and needs some
help. Tell him/her how to use it.
Student B: Imagine that you’re at a cash machine, but it’s your first time using it. Ask Student
A for help.
laptop
battery
coffee
hoover
mobile phone
waiter
coffee maker
headphones
fast food restaurant
shopping centre
cleaner
shop assistant
computer engineer
office worker
121
SMS MESSAGE DICTIONARY
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
2e AN E-MAIL GIVING NEWS
Use appropriate phrases to begin and end your e-mails.
Greetings Set phrases for opening paragraph Set phrases for closing paragraph Signature endings
Hello Gwen,
Dear Jamie,
Hi Lucy!
Dear Dad,
Dear Uncle Larry,
How are things?
Sorry I haven’t written for so long, but...
Thanks for your e-mail.
I’m writing to tell you about...
Hi! How have you been?
How are you?
How’s it going?
How’s life?
I hope you’re fine.
Guess what! I have some great news.
It was nice to hear from you.
What have you been up to?
Well, that’s all for now.
Write back soon.
Give my regards to everyone.
I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
I must go now.
Say hello to everyone.
Yours,
Take care,
Bye for now,
See you soon,
Best wishes,
Keep in touch,
4c NOTES / MESSAGES
Writing section
4WD = four-wheel drive
ad = advertisement
am = ante meridiem (before noon)
asap = as soon as possible
Ave. = avenue
BA = Bachelor of Arts
BSc = Bachelor of Science
C = Celsius (centigrade)
cm = centimetre(s)
Dept = department
Dr = doctor / Drive
e.g. = for example
etc. = et cetera (and other similar things)
hr(s) = hour(s)
info = information
Jan = January (Feb/Mar/Apr/Jun/Jul/Aug/Sept/Oct/
Nov/Dec)
kg = kilogram(s)
km = kilometre(s)
kph = kilometres per hour
m = metre(s)
MA = Master of Arts
min. = minute
Mon = Monday (Tue/Wed/Thur/Fri/Sat/Sun)
Mt = mountain
No. = number
p. = page
PIN = personal identification number
pm = post meridiem (after noon)
pp. = pages
PS = postscript (written at the end of a letter to add
information)
PTO = please turn over
Rd = road
sec = second
St = Street
tel. = telephone number
uni = university
vs = versus
@ = at
2DAY = today
2MORO = tomorrow
2NITE = tonight
4EVER = forever
4 = for
B = be
B4 = before
BCOZ = because
CING = seeing
CU = see you
FRND = friend
GR8 = great
H8 = hate
L8 = late
L8R = later
M8 = mate
PLZ = please
R = are
THX = thanks
U = you
W8 = wait
XLNT = excellent
Y = why
122
6e A BOOK REVIEW
5c
A LETTER ASKING FOR OR GIVING ADVICE
Set phrases
commonly used in
a letter asking for
advice:
Set phrases
commonly used
in a letter giving
advice:
• I have a problem and I’d like your advice.
• I hope you can help me with a problem.
• I need your advice because I don’t know what to do.
• What should I do?
• What do you think?
• I feel helpless/terrible.
• I’m anxiously waiting for your reply.
• I look forward to hearing from you.
• I hope my advice will help you.
• In my opinion, you should(n’t)/’d better...
• I advise you to...
• Here are some tips to help you deal with your problem.
• One thing you can do is...
• How/What about...?
• Why don’t you...?
• I hope everything goes well.
• Good luck!
Expressions/Phrases commonly used in a book review:
• It’s a biography / a novel, etc.
• The hero / heroine is...
• This best-selling book...
• It was written by...
• The story is set in... / is about...
• The book was published in...
• The book is action-packed/hilarious/interesting/boring/
long/descriptive/disappointing, etc.
• The plot is fantastic/awful, etc.
• The illustrations are amazing/(un)realistic, etc.
• The ending is surprising/exciting, etc.
• The writing style is excellent/horrible, etc.
• Overall, I found the book exciting/boring, etc.
• I definitely recommend it.
• It’s a great book for action lovers / fans.
• It’s (only) suitable for children/adults.
• It’s (not) worth reading.
• It’s a classic.
8e AN E-MAIL BASED ON PROMPTS
Use some of the phrases/expressions in your e-mail to:
invite
I just want to let you know that I...
I’d like to invite you to...
I’m writing to invite you to...
How about coming to...?
Would you like to come to...?
I hope you can make it to...
refuse an
invitation
It was nice of you to invite me but...
I’d like to come but... Maybe some other time.
I’m afraid I can’t make it because...
I’m sorry but I have to...
Unfortunately, I won’t be able to make it.
accept an
invitation
I’m writing to thank you for the invitation.
How could I say no?
I’m really looking forward to it.
I’d love to come.
Thanks for inviting me.
Sounds great/ brilliant/ perfect!
That would be great.
I just love the idea of...
make
arrangements
How about...?
Why don’t we...?
What do you think about...?
What if we...?
We can/could...
Let’s...
I think it would be a good idea to...
There is a nice... where we/you can go...
Writing section
123
Poems
Circle the correct words. Then
listen and check your answers.
MODULE 2
Broaden your mind
And see what you can find
Life’s an adventure
So, broaden your mind
Get out there, don’t just stay / go indoors
Travel to somewhere you’ve never been again / before
You learn / talk about cultures and lots lots more
Visit a city, the choice / place is yours!
Maybe it’s time to learn something new / now
Life is too short / long and that is the truth
Read a book, play / start
a hobby, it’s up to you
You’ll be surprised / interested
with what you can do
Be adventurous with what you
eat / taste
Try mixing veggies with your favourite kind of
meat / meal
Add some spices / honey
to make your meal complete
Eat exotic food and
give / have yourself a treat
Complete with the words in the box.
Then listen and check your
answers.
MODULE 4
Modern life, tell me what it’s ?
Buying things that you can do
Rushing around at super fast
Let me tell you, what we all need...
Just slow down
Take a look around
And take it easy
Modern life, let’s
An SMS to say you’ll be
A note on the , please call me
Too many e-mails for you to read
Modern life, plug in and
the latest gadgets, I want them all!
Modern life, it’s too much for me
Let me out, I want to be
I need a , and I need it now
One thing’s for sure, I need to slow down
MODERN LIFE
BROADEN YOUR MIND
free speed fridge late install
communicate change without about
124
MODULE 6
MODULE 8
Complete with the words in the box.
Then listen and check your answers.
I’ve been sitting in this sofa / chair all day
There’s nothing / something to do today
Maybe I’ll try out a sport / game
Dribble, kick, pass, shoot and score!
Let’s get active, I wanna shout!
Come on, I think it’s time to go out!
This is really not a day to be down / lazy
If I stay inside today, I’ll go / be crazy
I know, I’ll give them / someone a call!
Steve, Fred, Mark or Paul!
I’m bored out of my mind
You know what, so / neither am I
I don’t wanna stay / be in tonight
I suppose / agree, neither do I
Circle the correct words. Then listen and check your answers.
Let’s get active!
Avoid putting hands on in Indonesia
Especially when you’re out and about
Because if you’re and anyone sees you
They’ll think you’re getting and shout.
If you want to ask someone `What’s on?’
Over in Puerto Rico, as everyone knows
It doesn’t where you may be from
There’s no need to say it, just wiggle your .
People sometimes their heads in Argentina
It just means they’re thinking, you will find
However, in other countries that I’ve been to
It often means `Are you out of your mind?’
angry nose going hips
tap matter talking
GESTURES
Poems
125
126
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Present Simple Present Progressive
usually, always, often, etc.
every day/week, etc.
in the morning/spring, etc.
on Mondays/Monday
morning, etc.
at the weekend, etc.
once/twice/three times, etc.
a week/day, etc.
now, at the moment,
today, these days,
this week/year, etc.
tonight, tomorrow, etc.
next week/year, etc.
Grammar Reference
Stative Verbs
We use the Past Simple for:
• actions that started and were completed at a specific time
in the past.
We bought our house five years ago.
• habitual or repeated actions in the past.
I always went to bed early when I lived with my parents.
• completed actions that happened one after the
other in the past.
I made a sandwich, turned on the TV and watched the match.
Past Simple
NOTE
Irregular verbs in the Past Simple don’t take -ed.
Look at the list of irregular verbs on page 135.
Module 1
Present Simple vs Present Progressive
PRESENT SIMPLE
Questions
Do I work?
Does he/she/it work?
Do we/you/they work?
Affirmative
I work
He/She/It works
We/You/They work
Negative
I don’t work
He/She/It doesn’t work
We/You/They don’t work
NOTE The Past Simple of the verb can is could.
The Past Simple of the verb be is was/were.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
last night / week / year, etc.
yesterday, ago, in 1999, etc.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Affirmative
I am working
He/She/It is working
We/You/They are working
Negative
I ’m not working
He/She/It isn’t working
We/You/They aren’t working
Questions
Am I working?
Is he/she/it working?
Are we/you/they working?
We use the
Present Simple:
• for permanent states.
Ben lives in London.
• for habits or actions that
happen regularly.
We always have breakfast at
eight.
• for general truths.
The Earth goes round the sun.
We use the Present
Progressive:
• for temporary states.
I’m taking driving lessons
this month.
• for actions happening at
the moment of speaking.
Mark is sleeping now.
• for future arrangements.
We’re flying to Acapulco
tonight.
The following verbs are not normally used in progressive tenses:
• Verbs of the senses:
feel, hear, smell, taste, seem, look (=seem), appear, etc.
• Verbs of emotion:
like, dislike, love, hate, want, need, prefer, etc.
• Verbs of perception and opinions:
know, mean, think, understand, remember, forget, imagine,
hope, believe, etc.
• Other verbs:
be, have, own, belong, cost, etc.
Affirmative
I/He/She/It
used to play
We/You/They
Negative
I/He/She/It
didn’t use to play
We/You/They
Questions
Did
I/he/she/it use to play?
we/you/they
Used to
• We use used to to talk about something that happened
regularly in the past, but no longer does.
We used to go skateboarding every afternoon when we
were young.
Affirmative
I/He/She/It
worked/went
We/You/They
Negative
I/He/She/It
didn’t work/go
We/You/They
Questions
Did
I/he/she/it work/go?
we/you/they
127
Prepositions of Time
at at six o’clock / at half past two
at noon / at night / at midnight / at midday
at the weekend
at breakfast/lunch/dinner
at fifteen / at the age of twenty
at the moment
in in the morning/afternoon/evening
in April
in spring/winter/autumn/summer
in 2006 / in the 20th century
in my free time
on on Friday
on Friday morning/afternoon, etc.
on weekdays
on 15th May
during I met him during my trip to Venice.
after He left after lunch.
before He arrived before midnight.
from... till/until/to We usually work from nine till/until/to five.
ago I came back from work an hour ago.
• We use some + uncountable / plural countable nouns in
affirmative sentences and offers.
There is some orange juice in the fridge.
Would you like some chips?
• We use any + uncountable / plural countable nouns in
questions and negative sentences.
Is there any orange juice in the fridge?
There aren’t any chips on the table.
• We use no (= not any) + uncountable / plural countable
nouns in affirmative sentences to give a negative meaning.
There is no cheese in the fridge. (= There isn’t any cheese
in the fridge.)
• We use much with uncountable nouns, in questions
and negative sentences.
We don’t have much money.
• We use many with plural countable nouns, usually in
questions and negative sentences.
There aren't many books in the bookcase.
• We use a lot of/lots of with uncountable and plural
countable nouns, usually in affirmative sentences.
There is a lot of coffee in my cup.
There are lots of apples in the fridge.
• We use a little with uncountable nouns, in affirmative
sentences.
There is a little cheese on the table.
• We use a few with plural countable nouns, in affirmative
sentences.
There are a few magazines on the table.
Module 2
Past Progressive
We use the Past Progressive:
• for actions that were happening at a specific point of
time in the past.
I was watching TV at 7 o’clock yesterday evening.
• to describe background scenes to a story.
Jack was walking in the forest and it was raining.
• for actions that were happening at the same time in
the past. In this case, we usually use while.
While I was watching TV, my mother was cooking.
Affirmative
I/He/She/It was working
We/You/They were working
Negative
I/He/She/It wasn’t working
We/You/They weren’t working
Questions
Was I/he/she/it working?
Were we/you/they working?
Quantifiers
(some/any/no/much/many/a lot of/lots of/
(a) little/(a) few)
NOTE
We use as soon as with the Past Simple.
As soon as they left, we started cleaning up the
house.
Past Simple vs Past Progressive
Time clauses (when, while, as, as soon as)
• We use the Past Progressive and the Past Simple
in the same sentence when one action interrupted
another in the past. We use the Past Progressive for
the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter
action. In this case we usually use while, when or as.
As/While I was driving, I saw a boy in the street.
I was sleeping when the telephone rang.
• We use little with uncountable nouns, when there’s not
enough of something.
We’ve got very little time.
• We use few with plural countable nouns when there are
not enough of them.
There are very few tomatoes left.
NOTE
For emphasis we can use:
• very, so, too + little/few
There’s very little milk in my coffee.
• only + a little/a few
He’s got only a few friends.
When some, any, much, many, a lot, lots,
a little, a few are used as pronouns, they are
not followed by nouns.
Do you have any money? No, I don’t have any.
I don’t need any more hats. I have lots.
128
We use the Present Perfect Simple:
• for an action which happened in the past, but we don’t
mention when exactly.
I’ve travelled to the UAE twice.
• to talk about a state which started in the past and
continues up to the present.
I have lived in Athens since 1990. (I still live in Athens.)
• for an action which happened in the past and finished,
but the results are obvious in the present.
I’m tired. I’ve just finished studying.
Look! Jerry has broken his leg!
since/for
since + a point in time
It refers to the time when the
action started.
I’ve had this collection
since 1999.
for + a period of time
It refers to the duration of
the action.
I’ve had this collection
for six years.
Present Perfect Simple +
since + Past Simple
To indicate when an action
which started in the past and
continues up to the present
started.
Sam has written five
books since he became a
writer.
Questions
Have
Has
Have
worked/brought?
I
he/she/it
we/you/they
Affirmative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
worked/brought
have
has
have
Present Perfect Simple
Negative
haven’t
hasn’t worked/brought
haven’t
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
TIME EXPRESSIONS
for, since, already, just, yet, recently, lately, ever, never,
how long, once, twice, before, so far, etc.
NOTE Irregular verbs on page 135.
yet/already
yet is used only with the
question and negative form
of verbs. It is placed at the
end of the sentence.
Have you finished yet?
He hasn’t arrived yet.
already is used with the
affirmative and question form
of verbs. It is placed between
the auxiliary and the main
verb, or at the end of the
sentence for emphasis.
I’ve already seen that
documentary.
You’ve finished eating
already!
have/has gone, have/has been
• have/has gone means that someone has gone somewhere
and is still there.
The Greens have gone to Rome. (= They are still in Rome.)
• have/has been means that someone has visited a place,
but has come back.
Ian has been to the new shopping centre. (He visited the
new shopping centre at some point in the past, but he’s not
there any more.)
Module 3
can/could/may
• We use Can I..?, Could I..?, May I..? to ask for
permission.
Can/Could/May I go to the festival?
Yes, you can/may.
No, you can’t/may not.
• We use Can I..?, Could I..?, May I..? to offer help and
make requests.
Can/Could/May I help you?
Can/Could/May I have some more cake?
• We use Can/Could you..? to make polite requests and
ask for a favour. Could is more polite.
Can/Could you help me open the door?
can/could/be able to
• We use can to express ability in the present.
The baby can speak.
• We use could to express ability in the past.
I could climb trees when I was young.
• Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is
mainly used in tenses where we cannot use can.
I haven’t been able to go shopping since last month.
Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple
• We use the Present Perfect Simple for actions that
happened at some time in the past, but the exact time
is not mentioned.
I have heard this story before.
• We use the Past Simple for actions that happened at a
definite time in the past and the time is mentioned.
I heard this story on the radio last night.
• We use shall to make suggestions or to offer
to do something. Shall is used only in the first
person singular and plural (I, we).
Shall we go away for the weekend?
Shall I help you?
NOTE
129
Positive Form Comparative form Superlative form
Have to / Don’t have to / Need (to) / Needn’t /
Don’t need to / Must / Mustn’t
• We use must and have to to express obligation in the
present or future.
I must buy Ted a present for his graduation.
You have to wear a helmet when you go go-karting.
• We use need to when it is necessary for us to do something.
(We have no other choice.)
I need to talk to you.
• We use don’t have to, don’t need to and needn’t
when it isn’t necessary for us to do something.
You don’t have to go out if you don’t want to.
You don’t need to give me back the money.
He needn’t buy me a present.
• We use mustn’t when we are not allowed to do something.
You mustn’t use your mobile phone inside the building.
Affirmative
I need to go
He/She/It needs to go
We/You/They need to go
Negative
I don’t need to go
He/She/It doesn’t need to go
We/You/They don’t need to go
I
He/She/It needn’t go
We/You/They
Questions
Do I
Does he/she/it need to go?
Do we/you/they
I
Need he/she/it go?
we/you/they
• We use the superlative of adjectives when we compare one
person, animal or thing with several of the same kind.
Indirect questions
We use indirect questions when we ask for information.
Indirect questions begin with phrases like:
Can/Could you tell me...?
Do you know...?
I’d like to know...
DIRECT QUESTION
Question word + Verb + Subject
Where is the post office?
INDIRECT QUESTION
Phrase + Question word + Subject + Verb
Can you tell me where the post office is?
Other Forms of Comparison
as + adjective + as
My car is as fast as yours. (= My car and your car are
equally fast.)
not as + adjective + as
He’s not as clever as you are. (=You are cleverer than he is.)
Module 4
Future will
Affirmative
I
He/She/It will work
We/You/They
Negative
I
He/She/It will not / won’t work
We/You/They
All one-syllable and most twosyllable
adjectives take -er / -est.
One-syllable adjectives ending in
-e take -r / -st.
One-syllable adjectives ending
in one vowel + one consonant,
double the consonant before the
-er / -est.
Adjectives ending in
consonant + -y drop the y and
take -ier /-iest.
Adjectives with three or more
syllables and some two-syllable
adjectives take more + adjective /
most + adjective.
short - shorter - shortest
safe - safer - safest
big - bigger - biggest
easy - easier - easiest
dangerous -
more dangerous -
most dangerous
good
bad
far
many / much
little
better
worse
farther
further
more
less
the best
the worst
the farthest
the furthest
the most
the least
Irregular forms
FORMATION
Comparative: adjective + -er
more + adjective
John is older than Peter.
My watch is more expensive than yours.
Superlative: the + adjective + -est
most + adjective
John is the oldest boy in his class.
This watch is the most expensive of all.
} + than
} + of / in
• We use the comparative of adjectives when we compare two
people, animals or things.
Comparative and Superlative Forms
The past tense of have to and must is had to.
Need is used:
• as a main verb in all tenses, in the affirmative,
negative and question form. It is followed by to +
base form and forms the negative and question
form with auxiliary verbs.
• as a modal verb only in the negative and question
form of the Present Simple. It is followed by a base
form and forms the negative and question form
without auxiliary verbs.
NOTE
130
Relative pronouns (who, which, that) and
adverbs (where)
The relative pronouns who, which, that and the
adverb where introduce relative clauses.
• Who, which and that can be omitted when they
refer to the object.
• Where can never be omitted or replaced with
that.
NOTE
Module 5
Infinitives
We use the full infinitive (to + base form of the verb):
• to express purpose.
I’m going to the supermarket to get some fruit.
• after certain verbs: want, would like, would love, hope,
decide, manage, plan, arrange, advise, choose, learn, offer,
promise, afford, agree, expect, seem, forget, teach, need, try,
tell, etc.
I haven’t managed to find it yet.
• after it + be + adjective (it’s nice, it was stupid, etc.)
It’s difficult to explain.
• after certain adjectives: afraid, surprised, free, happy, ready,
sorry, pleased, etc.
Are you afraid to ask him?
• after too and enough
You’re too young to stay out late.
I’m strong enough to carry the box.
• after question words (who, how, what, etc.) in
indirect questions
Do you know how to get there?
We use the bare infinitive (base form of verb without to):
• after modal verbs (can, could, will, would, shall, should,
may, might, must).
Could you give me a glass of water?
You must visit the doctor today.
• after the verbs let and make (in the active voice).
She makes me study all the time.
• Time clauses begin with when, after, before, as soon as,
until, etc.
• When the sentence refers to the future, we usually use
the Present Simple in the time clause and the Future will
in the main clause.
Time Clauses (Present - Future)
We use the Future will for:
• offers.
I’ll help you with everything.
• promises.
I promise, I’ll be there for you.
• requests.
Will you do me a favour?
• on-the-spot decisions.
Fine, I’ll meet you in an hour.
• predictions, usually with the verbs think and believe.
I think he will be a great teacher one day.
will have to, will be able to
• Will have to expresses obligation in the future.
We’ll have to train hard to take part in the race.
• Will be able to expresses ability in the future.
When I go to Spain, I’ll be able to practise my Spanish.
Short answers
I I
Yes, he/she/it will. No, he/she/it won’t.
we/you/they we/you/they
Time clause Main clause
As soon as I know, I’ll tell you.
Before I leave, I’ll help you with the housework.
Pronouns Examples
PEOPLE who/that The man who/that is driving
that car is my uncle.
The teacher (who/that) I like
the most is Mrs Robins.
THINGS
ANIMALS
IDEAS
which/that The bag which/that is on the
table is mine.
The documentary (which/
that) I watched last night was
terrible.
Adverb
PLACE where The place where I live is
beautiful.
too / enough
• We use too before adjectives and adverbs. Too has a
negative meaning and it means ‘more than necessary’.
These shoes are too big. I need a smaller size.
• We use enough after adjectives and adverbs, but before
nouns. Enough has a positive meaning.
The water isn’t warm enough. We can’t go swimming.
We have enough food for tonight.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month,
in an hour/week, etc.
When the time clause comes before the main
clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma.
NOTE
We can use the verb help with a bare or full
infinitive.
I always help my brother do his homework.
I always help my brother to do his homework.
NOTE
Questions
I
Will he/she/it work?
we/you/they
131
We use the -ing form:
• after certain verbs: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, suggest,
start, finish, continue, keep, stop, begin, avoid, imagine,
spend (time), etc.
I like listening to the radio, but I hate watching TV.
• after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be
interested in, it’s worth, How/What about…?, I look
forward to, etc.
I look forward to seeing you.
• after prepositions.
I’m so excited about going on this trip.
• as a subject of a verb.
Smoking is a bad habit.
-ing form
We use should/shouldn’t + bare infinitive to:
• ask for and give advice.
Should I stay or should I go?
• express an opinion.
He should tell his father about it.
• make a suggestion.
Shouldn't we discuss it with the boss first?
• express mild obligation.
You should go to work on time.
Should / Shouldn’t
Should/shouldn’t + bare infinitive refers to the present or future.
NOTE
Use
We use the Passive Voice to emphasise the action rather
than who or what is responsible for it.
Formation
The Passive Voice is formed with the verb be in the
appropriate form and the past participle of the main verb.
Passive Voice
Present Simple
Affirmative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
am
is
are
called / given
Negative
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
am
is
are
not called / given
Questions
Am
Is
Are
called / given?
I
he/she/it
we/you/they
Past Simple
Affirmative
I/He/She/It
We/You/They
was
were called / given
Negative
I/He/She/It
We/You/They
wasn’t
weren’t called / given
Questions
Was
Were
called / given?
I/he/she/it
we/you/they
The person who causes or carries out the action is
called an agent and is preceded by the preposition by.
We usually omit the agent when the action interests
us more than the agent, when we don’t know the
agent or when it is easy to figure out who the agent is.
My bag was stolen!
(by someone who we do not know)
BMW cars are made in Germany.
(by factory workers)
NOTE
Had better
We use had better + bare infinitive to give strong advice.
It often expresses threat or warning and it’s stronger than
should. It refers to the present or future, not the past. Its
negative form is had better not. In spoken English the short
form is commonly used (I’d better, you’d better, etc.).
You’d better ask a doctor about it.
Subject Verb Object
Mark wrote a letter.
A letter was written by Mark.
Passive Voice
Active Voice
Subject Verb Agent
NOTE Irregular verbs on page 135.
We use Conditional Sentences Type 1 for something which
is possible to happen in the present or future.
Conditional Sentences Type 1
Conditional Sentences consist of the if-clause and the main
clause.
May / Might / Could
The verbs may, might and could
• are followed by the base form of the verb.
• are the same in all persons in the singular and plural.
• do not form the questions and negative forms with do.
• express possibility in the present/future.
We may / might / could go to the park next week.
Module 6
We use may not/might not to express lack of
possibility in the present or future.
Henry may not/might not be able to join us.
NOTE
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