Grammar
( for + time ) - استخدامات مختلفة لبعض كلمات القواعد
1. has / have + v3 - He ------------------------------------------- for three hours . ( study )
2. has / have + been + V-ing - He ------------------------------------------- for three hours . ( be , study )
3. had been + V-ing , V2 - After he ------------------------------------ for three hours , he slept. ( be , study )
4. will have + V3 - Next month, my parents -------------------------------- married for 20 years. ( be )
( By + time ) - استخدامات مختلفة لبعض كلمات القواعد
- By 1985, some schools had used laptops. ( use )
- By 1985, some schools had been using laptops for along time. ( be,use )
B y + time (past) , had + V3
By + time (past) , had been + V-ing
- By 2020, some schools will have used smartphones . ( use )
By + time (future) , will have + V3
- By the time we arrived , the train had left . ( leave )
- By the time we arrived , the train had been waiting for an hour. (be, wait)
By the time + v2 , had + v3
By the time + v2 , had been + V-ing
- By the time we arrive , the train will have left . ( leave )
By the time + v1 , will have + v3
( When ) - استخدامات مختلفة لبعض كلمات القواعد
- I was watching TV when she called. ( watch )
1. was / were + V-ing .. when.. + V2
- Ali had been thinking about his friend when he received a text from him . (be, think)
2. had been + V-ing .. when .. + V2
Plural nouns : people - children - men - mice -police - feet - women - oxen - youth –teeth - fish - cattle
Singular : news – a number - information - government - family - team
Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the ones above them :
1. How much sleep do teenagers of our age need ? Do you know how much sleep teenagers of our age need ?
2. Is it possible to improve your memory ? Do you know if it is possible to improve your memory ?
3 . Can you suggest a healthy breakfast ? Do you mind suggesting a healthy breakfast ?
4. Please help me to plan my revision. Do you mind helping me to plan my revision ?
5. What should I do on the day before the exam ? Do you mind telling me what I should do the day before the exam ?
6. Does the exam start at ten or half past ten ? Do you know wheather the exam starts at ten or half past ten ?
7. Could you explain the best way to revise ? I wonder if you could explain the best way to revise ?
8. How much revision should I do ? Could you tell me how much revision I should do ?
9. What kind of books do bookshops sell ? Could you tell me what kind of books bookshops sell ?
10. Could you explain what you mean by "mnemonics"? What do you mean by mneminics ?
11. Do you know how much sleep a teenager needs ? How much sleep does a teenager need ?
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المبني للمجھول الغیرشخصي 25 The Impersonal Passive
24 Indirect Questions
Questions is introduced with ( what , where , why , who , when , how , how much , … etc. ).
Could you tell me … ? I wonder …………. .
Do you know ..? ( If ) كما ھي في جملة الحل واذا لم توجد في السؤال نضع ( Wh - How ) ٣. نضع
Do you mind telling me ..? تحذف ونكمل باقي الجملة كما ھي ( do) .٢
Could you explain .? s –es... تحذف ویضاف للفعل ( does ) .٣
تحذف ویحول الفعل للماضي ( did ) .٤
نعكس الفاعل مع الفعل المساعد ثم نكمل الجملة - ملاحظة : لا یتغیر زمن الجملة او الضمائر او الظروف ( do-does-did ) ٥. اذا لم یوجد في الجملة
Can you suggest ……….. ? ( V+ing ) نحول الفعل الرئیسي الى ( Yes / No ) مع اسئلة ( Do you mind … ) ٦. استخدام
Where is …………… ?. ( Do you mind telling me + wh ………… ) تصبح ( Wh-Q ) مع اسئلة ( Do you mind … ) ٧. استخدام
( Do you mind explaining why …………. ) تصبح ( Why ) مع اسئلة ( Do you mind … ) ٨. استخدام
When does the lesson end ? Do you know when the lesson ends ?
Is this the right bus for the school ? Could you tell me if /whether this is the right bus for the school?
المبني للمعلوم Active Sentences المبني للمجھول الغیر شخصي Impersonal Passive
We can use the impersonal passive with: expect – expected
(say = said , think = thought , claim = claimed , believe = believed , prove = proved , know – known, assume - assumed
كفاعل في البدایة . ٢. نحول الفعل الاول للمبني للمجھول ویبقى باقي الجملة كما ھي : it ١.نضع
- Scientists say that dolphins are highly intelligent . - It is said that dolphins are highly intelligent
3. The impersonal passive can also be used with ( object + infinitive ) :
حسب القواعد التالیة : ( to ) مباشرة . ٣. نحول الفعل الثاني بعد كلمة ( to ) كفاعل اول . ٢. نحول الفعل الاول للمبني للمجھول ثم نضیف كلمة ( that ) ١. نبدأ بالفاعل الثاني بعد
- They believe that the story is true . - The story is believed to be true.
تحویل الفعل الاول للمبني للمجھول ( to) تحویل الفعل الثاني بعد كلمة
V1 / V+s ------------ ( am – is – are ) + V3 V1 / V+s --------------------------------------------- V-inf.
V2 ------------------- ( was – were ) + V3 am, is, are---------------------------------------- be
will , can, must , has to , used to ------ ( will , used to + be ) + V3 was, were --------------------------------------- have been
has / have + V3 ------------ ( has / have + been ) + V3 V2 / has +V3 / have + V3 / had +V3 ------------ have +V3
am, is, are, was, were + V-ing ---- ( am ,is ,are,was,were ) + being +V3 will + V-inf. ------------------------------------ V- inf.
doesn't + V / don't + V ----------------- ( am not ,is not ,are not ) + V3 am not , is not , are not ----------------------------- not to be
التحویل العكسي
( that ) ٢. نحضر الفاعل الموجود في الجملة قبل الفعل المساعد ونضعھ بعد كلمة . ( to ) ٢. نحذف الكلمات من الفعل المساعد الى كلمة
الى حالتھ الاصلیة ٤. اذا لم یكن فعل المبني للمجھول محول الى المعلوم ... نحولھ اولا ثم نبدأ بالخطوات السابقة ( to ) ٤. نعید الفعل المحول بعد كلمة
- The brain is said to be good like a computer. - Scientists say that the brain is good like a computer .
Use the impersonal passive to report the following sentences :
1. People claim that Speaking a foreign language improves the functionality of your brain.
Speaking a foreign language, it is claimed , improves the functionality of your brain. ( claim )
2. People believe that language learning can also improve your decision-making skills.
It is believed that language learning can also improve your decision-making skills.
Language learning is believed to improve your decision-making skills .
3. People think that we only use a small percentage of our brain power.
It is thought that we only use a small percentage of our brain power.
We are thought to only use a small percentage of our brain power.
4. People believe that solving puzzles keeps the brain active.
It is believed that solving puzzles keeps the brain active.
Solving puzzles is believed to keep the brain active .
5. Experts have proved that exercise is good for concentration.
It has been proved that exercise is good for concentration.
Exercise has been proved to be good for concentration .
6. Exercise has been proved to be good for concentration by experts.
Experts have proved that exercise is good for concentration .
7. People don't believe that making exercise makes them happy .
Making exercise isn't believed to make people happy .
8. Scientists proved that making exercise doesn't make people feel sad .
Making exercise was proved not to make people feel sad.
9. People believe that eating almonds reduces the risk of heart disease . 2016
Eating almonds is believed to reduce the risk of heart disease.
10. Doing regular exercise is believed to reduce the risk of several diseases. 2016
People believe that doing regular exercise reduces the risk of several diseases.
11. They assumed that the last Olympic Games were a great success. 2017
It was assumed that the last Olympic Games were a great success.
12. Experts have proved that eating fresh vegetables is good for the stomach. 2017
Eating fresh vegetables has been proved to be good for the stomach .
13. My English teacher says that English clubs are essential for learning English well. 2018
English clubs are said to be essential for learning English well .
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26 Wish = If only
Rule Wish – If only : ( express regrets about the past )
I slept too long. I wish I hadn't slept….
V2 ------------------------------------------------- hadn't + V3
didn't + V-inf. ---------------------------------- had + V3 I didn't do ……. If only I had done ….
wasn't – weren't ---------------------------------- had been I wasn't successful. I wish I had been ….
Rule Wish – If only : ( express wishes about the present )
We live in a small flat I wish we didn't live ……
V1 / V-s --------------------------------------- didn't + V-inf.
don't / doesn't + V-inf. --------------------------------- V2 I don't know the answer. I wish I knew the answer.
He is far from here. He wishes he weren't far
He is not tall enough. He wishes he were taller.
am / is / are ----------------------------------------- weren't
am not / isn't / aren't ----------------------------------- were
I regret being angry -------- I wish I hadn't been angry.
I regret not being happy. ---- I wish I had been happy.
He should have been careful. – He wishes he had been ….
He shouldn't have been careless. He wishes he hadn't been ..
regret + V-ing ---------------------------------- hadn't + V3
regret + not + V-ing --------------------------- had + V3
should have + V3 ------------------------------ had + V3
shouldn't have + V3 --------------------------- hadn't + V3
تحویل الافعال
can couldn't can't could
will wouldn't won't would
am - is - are weren't have + V3 / has + V3 hadn't + V3
V1 / Vs-es didn't + inf. have to / has to = V1 didn't have to
am - is - are weren't have / has = V1 didn't have
am not - is not - are not were must - mustn't hadn't to - had to
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. Ali did not pass his exams. If only he had studied harder last year. (study)
2. Ziad is not very good at basketball. He wishes he were taller! ( be )
3. We didn't catch the earlier bus. We’re late. If only we had caught the earlier bus. ( catch)
4. Our flat is very small. If only we lived in a big house. ( live )
5. Jaber isn’t old enough to drive a car. He wishes he were older. ( be )
6. I wish I had learnt English better when I was younger. (learn)
7. I regret that I made an accident. I wish I hadn't driven fast. (not drive)
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Read the situations and complete the sentences :
1. Sultan forgot to do his Science homework.
If only he hadn't forgotten to do his science homework to do it.
2. Nahla could not find her way round the city very easily.
If only she had had / had brought / had bought / hadn't forgotrten a map.
3. Oh no! I’ve forgotten my library book. I left it at home.
I wish I hadn't forgotten my library book .
4. Our team didn’t play very well yesterday.
If only they had played better.
5. I regret going to bed late last night.
I wish I had gone earlier.
6. Nader should have been more careful with his essay. He didn’t get a good mark. (wishes)
Nader wishes he had been more careful with his essay . 2016
7. I regret living abroad for a long time . (wish )
I wish I hadn't lived abroad for a long time . 2016
8. I regret speaking aloud in my class . (wish )
I wish I hadn't spoken aloud in my class. 2017
9. Mohammad didn't consult his career advisor, so he felt sorry. (wish )
I wish Mohammad had consulted his careerrr advisor. 2017
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Use the prompts and write sentences with ( I wish and If only ).
1. I’m cold. I wish I had brought a coat. ( bring a coat)
2. We’re late. If only we had got up earlier . ( get up earlier )
3. I feel ill. If only I hadn't eaten so many sweets. ( not eat so many sweets )
4. Fadi has lost his wallet. I wish I had been more careful . ( be more careful )
5. Huda was too busy to visit us yesterday. I wish she had been able to come. ( be able to come )
6. I’ve broken my watch. If only I hadn't dropped it. ( not drop it )
7. I am very hungry! I wish I had eaten before I went to the conference. ( eat )
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Choose the correct answer :
1. Ziad is not very good at basketball. He wishes he --------- taller! ( is / were / was )
2. I can’t do this exercise. I wish I --------- it. ( understood / understand / understanding)
3. Mr Haddad does not understand the Chinese businessman.
If only he -------------------- Chinese. ( speak / spoke / had spoken)
4. Jordan needs to import a lot of oil.
If only it --------------------------- larger oil reserves. ( has / had / had had )
5. If only I ----------------- lost my ticket! ( haven’t / didn’t / hadn’t )
6. I always have to get home early. I wish my parents ------------------------ me stay out later. 2018
( lets / won't let / would let / will let )
I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus. I wish I ------------------------ early. 2018
( wake up / wakes up / had waken up / have waken up)
27. Conditional Sentences
If Clause - Zero Main Clause حقیقة ثابتة لا تتغیر
Subject + simple present ( a fact ) ( V1 / Vs-es / don't – doesn't )
be = am , is , are ( he , she , it + V-s / es )
(not be ) = am not , isn't , aren't ( I , we , you , they + V1 )
If + S + Simple Present
( V1 / Vs-es / don't – doesn't )
be = am , is , are / (not be ) = am not , isn't , aren't
1. If you boil water , it evaporates. (evaporate)
2. If plants don't get enough sunlight, they die. (not , get)
3. Water turns to ice if the temperature falls below zero. (turn)
4. If you push this button , the video plays . (play)
5.You get a huge feeling of satisfaction when you know that people understand everything you translate. (understand)
6.When you heat water to 100°C, it boils. (heat)
7.Do you usually go home or meet your friends when school finishes ? (finish)
8.If you don't water the plants, they will die. (not water)
9.During Ramadan, we eat when the sun sets. ( set )
10.Ice cream melts when it gets warm.. ( get)
11.Plants die if they don't get enough sunlight. (not , get) 2017
21. Rawan always takes her mobile when she goes out. ( go out ) 2017
If Clause - I Main Clause محتمل الحدوث
Subject + will / won't ( modals ) + infinitive
'll / will not
be = will be / (not be ) = won't be
If + S + Simple Present
( V1 / Vs-es / don't – doesn't )
be = am , is , are / (not be ) = am not , isn't , aren't
1. provided that - unless - as long as - Even if ولكن المعنى مختلف if ادوات اخرى لھا نفس قاعدة
حتى لو طالما اذا لم – ما لم بشرط ان
1. If Sami studies hard , he will pass all his exams . (pass)
2. If you get an interview for a job in pharmaceuticals, you will need to show real enthusiasm for the industry. (get)
3. I’ll buy the book if / provided tha t /as long as it isn't too expensive. (not be)
4. I won't buy it if it is too expensive . (not, buy)
5. If Sami studies hard , he will pass all his exams . (pass)
6. Unless you have a language degree, you won't be able to become an interpreter. (not be)
7. If you get an interview for a job, you will need to show that you have good listening skills. (need)
8. If you are successful, it will be a secure and rewarding job. (be)
9. When you arrive at the station next Saturday, we will be there to meet you. (be)
10. Nasser will come out with us tomorrow unless he has to help his father. ( have to)
11. I will help you with your homework, as long as you help me with mine! ( help)
12. Provided that it doesn't rain , we will have a picnic next week. (not rain)
13. If you win the prize, how will you spend the money? (spend)
14. Even if Omar passes his driving test this afternoon, he won't have his own car. (pass)
15. You will not pass your exams unless you study hard. (study)
16. Your new computer will last a long time as long as you are careful with it. (be)
17. I will phone you if I miss the bus. (phone)
18. We’ll go to our favourite restaurant on Friday unless it is closed. ( be )
19. I will take the job offer provided that it is part-time – I haven’t finished my university studies yet.. ( be)
20. We have to go to school even if we are tired. ( be)
21. We will need / need umbrellas if it rains (need)
22. The teacher will be pleased if I write a good essay. (be)
23. Provided that everyone works hard, we’ll all pass our exams.. (work)
24. Babies are usually happy unless they’re hungry or cold. (be)
25. We should always be polite even if we are tired. (feel)
26. Rawan always takes her mobile when goes out. ( go out ) 2017
27. Ali will be upset, If you don't invite him to your party. ( not, invite ) 2018
6. You won't get a job in France unless you ---------------------- French.
a. speak b. speaks c. is speaking d. spoke 2018
quence refers to 3. The Third conditional ( Type 3 ) : The third se a condition which was not met in the past :
If Clause – Type 3 Main Clause - الخیال
S + would have / could have / might have (not ) + P.P ( V3 )
ربما كان من الممكن - قدرة تاكد ( less sure )
If + S + had + P.P ( V3 )
hadn't + PP (V3)
1. I would have gotten the job if I had had some experience. (get)
2. If you had done the course, you would have had enough experience to apply for the job. (had)
3. If Huda hadn't been ill yesterday, she wouldn’t have missed the exam. ( not be)
4. If my father had gone to university, he could have been a teacher. ( can be)
5. Jameel might not have become a musician if his parents hadn't encouraged him. ( not encourage)
Read the situations and complete the sentences with the third conditional, using the word in brackets.
Sentence ( Fact ) If Clause ( Imagination )
1. If + S + hadn't V3 …..…., S + would / could (might) have + V3
2. If + S + had V3 …….…., S + would / could (might) not + have + V3
3. If + S + had V3 ……..…., S + would / could (might) have + V3
4. If + S + hadn't + V3 …...., S + would / could (might) not + have + V3
1. S + V2 …. , so + didn't + V-inf
2. S + didn't + V-inf , so + V2 ….
3. S + didn't + v-inf , so + didn't + V-inf
4. S + V2 . S + V2
1. Saeed left his camera at home, so he wasn’t able to take pictures of the parade. (could)
If Saeed hadn’t left his camera at home, he could have taken pictures of the parade.
If Saeed hadn’t left his camera at home, he could have been able to take pictures of the parade.
2. I had a headache yesterday, and I didn’t do well in the Maths test. (might)
If I hadn't had a headache yesterday , I might have done well in the Maths test.
3. I didn’t know your phone number, so I wasn’t able to contact you. (could)
If I had known your phone number, I could have been able to contact you.
4. You had a brightly-coloured T-shirt on. That’s how I noticed you in the crowd. (might not)
If you hadn't had a brightly-coloured T-shirt on, I might not have noticed you in the crowd.
5. I worked really hard the day before the exam. I got top marks. (might not)
If I hadn't worked really hard the day before the exam, I might not have gotten top marks.
6. I didn't stay at home that day, so I didn't miss the celebration. (would)
If I had stayed at home that day, I would have missed the celebration.
7. My friend invited me to the library, so I went. (would not )
If my friend hadn't invited me to the library, I wouldn't have gone.
8. Saleem left his wallet at home, so he wasn’t able to purchase his necessary items. (could) 2016
If Saleem hadn't left his wallet at home, he couldn't have purchased his necessary item.
9. I studied really hard the day before the final exams. I achieved the first rank in my class. (might not) 2016
If I hadn't studied hard the day before the final exam, I might not have achieved the first ……..
10. Sami didn't apply immedietly for the scholarship, so he didn't get it . ( if , could ) 2016
If Sami had applied immediately for the scholarship, he could have gotten it.
11. Marwan worked really hard the day before the exam. He got top marks. ( if / might not) 2017
If Marwan hadn't worked really hard the day before the exam, he might not have gotten top marks. 12. The company didn't know your phone number, so they weren't able to contact you. ( if / might) 2017
If the company had known your phone number, they might have contacted you.
Change the following sentences into facts :
( hadn't + V3 = V2 ) / ( wouldn't , couldn't , mightn't have + V3 = V2 )
( had + V3 = didn't + V-inf. ) / ( would , could , might have + V3 = didn't + V-inf. )
1. If I hadn’t come to this school, I could have taken English.
I came to this school , so I didn't take English.
2. If I hadn’t grown up in this city, I might have learnt French.
I grew up in this city, so I didn't learn French.
Using "Unless" : ( Unless = If …… not ) ( عدد الافعال المنفیة في جملة السؤال والجواب نفس العدد ( نفي النفي اثبات
Sentence If Clause
1. Unless + S + Vi/Vs …..…., S + won't + V-inf.
2. Unless + S + V1/Vs..…….., S + won't + V-inf.
3. Unless + S + V1/Vs..…….., S + will + V-inf.
1. If + V1/Vs …. , S + will +V-inf
2. If + S+ doesn't/don't + v-inf , S + won't
3. If + S+ doesn't/don't + v-inf , S + will
1. If you study hard, you will pass your exam. Unless you study hard , you won't pass your exams.
2. If you don't water the plants, they will die . Unless you water the plants, they will die.
3. If I don't write a good essay, the teacher won't be pleased. Unless I write a good essay , the teacher won't be pleased.
4. If our team wins the match, they won't leave the stadium. Unless our team wins the match, they will leave the S…
6. Unless you study hard, you won't succeed. If you don't study hard , you won't succeed. 7. Unless you are clever, you will fail. If you aren't clever , you will fail.
8. If I travel a lot, I will buy many things. Even if I travel a lot, I won't buy many things.
9. I’ll buy the book if it isn’t too expensive. Even if the book is too expensive , I will buy it.
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Choose the correct answer :
1. ------------------- you heat water to 100°C, it boils. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
2. You will not pass your exams ----------- you study hard. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
3 . ----------- you don't water the plants, they will die. ( If , unless , when , even if )
4. Do you usually go home or meet your friends -------- school finishes. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
5. Your new computer will last a long time -------you are careful with it. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
6. Ice cream melts -------------it gets warm. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
7. We need umbrellas -------------- it rains. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
8. The teacher will be pleased ----------- I write a good essay. ( if , unless , when , even if )
9. Our team will celebrate --------- they win the match. ( if , unless , when , even if )
10. --------------- everyone works hard, we’ll all pass our exams. (Provided that , Unless , When , Even if )
11. Babies are usually happy --------- they’re hungry or cold. (as long as – provided that – unless – if ) 2018
12. We should always be polite ---------- we feel tired. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
13. During Ramadan, Muslims eat ------------ the sun sets. (as long as , unless , when , even if ) 2018
14. I'll phone you ------------I miss the bus , so that you pick. ( if , unless , when , even if )
15. We'll go out to our favourite restaurant ------------ it's closed. (as long as , unless , when , even if ) 16. I'll take the job offer ------ it's part time – I haven't finished my university studies yet (provided that , unless , when , even if )
17. We have to go to school ---------- we're tired. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
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Writing – Using pronouns :
Function : We use pronouns as ways to link paragraphs and ideas.
The following advice about preparing for exams was given by our teacher. He should know- as he
has taken so many of them in his life ! He said, "It is not a good idea to study late at night. This is
because your brain is tired then, and it is unlikely to retain the information as well. The best time to
study is early in the morning. That is when you feel most awake."
He : our teacher
Many of them : exams
This : the reason why you shouldn't study late at night
It : the brain
That : early in the morning
1. The best time to study is early in the morning. That is when you feel most awake. 2016
What is the function of using the pronoun that in the above sentence ? ……………….. link ideas
2. My computer isn't working. Can you have a look at ------------------------ . 2018
( him , her , it , them )
28 Quantifiers to make comparisons الكمیات لعمل المقارنة
the most X the least
the most X the fewest
more X fewer
more X less
better X worse
farther X nearer
poorer X richer
hotter X colder
later X earlier
longer X shorter
faster X slower
taller X shorter
bigger X smaller
cheaper X more expensive
easier X more difficult
tall ( short adjective ) taller than - (er – than ) The tallest - ( The – est )
expensive ( long adjective ) more expensive than The most expensive
be + as …..adj.…...as / V + as ….adv…as as much / many + ……as
(as ….. as ) الى (more ) - التحویل من
: Ali في بدایة الجملة بدل Ahmad اذا بدأ السؤال بعكس الاسماء اي بوضع : (as ….. as ) الى (more ) - عند التحویل من
- اولا ننفي الفعل الموجود في الجملة :
حسب الفاعل الموجود في بدایة الجملة . doesn't او don't تصبح V +s -es / . وھكذا aren't تصبح are - isn't تصبح is -
ونكمل الجملة كما ھي . as كلمة than ثم نضع مكان كلمة as كلمة more - نضع مكان كلمة
دون اي تغییر في الجملة سوى عكس الاسماء او اقطاب الجملة less الى كلمة more - او نستطیع عند اعادة الكتابة تحویل كلمة
1. Ali's car is more expensive than Ahmad's. ………… Ahmad's car is less expensive than Ali's -
Ahmad's car isn't as expensive as Ali's - 2. Ali plays more quickly than Ahmad . …………………Ahmad plays less quickly than Ali.
Ahmad doesn't play as quickly as Ali
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: (as ….. as ) الى ( er ) - التحویل من صفة مضاف لھا
: Ali في بدایة الجملة بدل Ahmad اذا بدأ السؤال بعكس الاسماء اي بوضع : (as ….. as ) الى (er ) - عند التحویل من
- اولا ننفي الفعل الموجود في الجملة :
V +s -es / . وھكذا aren't تصبح are - isn't تصبح is -
ونكمل الجملة كما ھي . as كلمة than المضافة للصفة ثم نضع مكان كلمة er بدل as - نضع كلمة
- او نستطیع عند اعادة الكتابة تحویل الصفة بان نحضر عكسھا دون اي تغییر في الجملة سوى عكس الاسماء او اقطاب الجملة
2. Ali is taller than Ahmad . ……………………………..Ahmad is shorter than Ali .
Ahmad isn't as tall as Ali
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: ( more ) الى (as ….. as ) - التحویل من
: Omar في بدایة الجملة بدل Ahmad اذا بدأ السؤال بعكس الاسماء اي بوضع : (more ) الى (as ….. as ) - عند التحویل من
- اولا : الفعل الموجود في الجملة منفي یصبح مثبت ::
.V +s -es تحذف تحذف ونعید الفعل بعد ھما الى doesn't او don't / . وھكذا are تصبح aren't - is تصبح isn't -
ونكمل الجملة كما ھي . than كلمة as ثم نضع مكان كلمة more كلمة as - نضع مكان كلمة
دون اي تغییر في الجملة سوى عكس الاسماء او اقطاب الجملة less الى كلمة not as - او نستطیع عند اعادة الكتابة تحویل كلمة
1. Omar is not as generous as Ahmad……….. ………… Ahmad is more generous than Omar.
Omar is less generous than Ahmad . 3. Ali doesn't play as quickly as Omar. ……………..……Omar plays more quickly than Ali.
Ali plays less quickly than Omar.
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: ( er ) الى (as ….. as ) - التحویل من
: Ali في بدایة الجملة بدل Omar اذا بدأ السؤال بعكس الاسماء اي بوضع : (er ) الى (as ….. as ) - عند التحویل من
- اولا ننفي الفعل الموجود في الجملة :
وھكذا . are تصبح aren't - is تصبح isn't -
ونكمل الجملة كما ھي . than كلمة as الموجودة قبل الصفة ثم نضع مكان كلمة as ونحذف er - نضیف للصفة
- او نستطیع عند اعادة الكتابة بتحویل الصفة بان نحضر عكسھا دون اي تغییر في الجملة سوى عكس الاسماء او اقطاب الجملة
2. Ali isn't as tall as Omar. .. …………………………….. Omar is taller than Ali.
Ali is shorter than Omar.
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: ( as many ) و (as much ) استخدام
لا نغیر شیئ في الجملة ولا نبدل الاسماء ولكن ننفي الفعل قبل كلمة المقارنة : ( fewer – less ) على ( as much ) - (as many ) اذا دخلت
1. There are fewer houses in my village than in their village . ( as many )
There aren't as many houses in my village as in their village .
2. Ali has less water than Omar. ( as much ) Ali doesn't have as much water as Omar .
نبدل الاسماء وننفي الفعل قبل كلمة المقارنة : ( more ) على ( as much ) - (as many ) اذا دخلت
1. My brother eats more fast food than me . ( as much ) I don't eat as much fast food as my brother .
2. There are more people in Amman than in Zarka . ( as many ) There aren't as many people in Zarka as in Amman .
Rewrite the following sentences with ones that have similar meanings :
1. There is less information on the website than in the book. (as much)
There isn't as much information on the website as in the book .
2. The cheapest thing on the menue is orange juice.
The least expensive thing on the menue is orange juice.
3. Neither Maths nor Science are as popular as English.
English is more popular than Maths and science.
4. Jordanian children start school a year later than English children.
English children start school a year earlier than Jordanian children .
5. Studying physics is not as popular as studying Biology in Britain .
Studying Biology is more popular than studying Physics in Britain .
6. The electronic newspapers are not as acceptable as the ordinary ones.
The ordinary newspapers are more acceptable than the electronic ones .
7. Not as many people applied for Law in 2014 CE as in 2013 CE.
In 2013 more people applied for law than in 2014 CE.
8. 11 % more people applied for Engineering in 2014 CE than in 2013 CE.
Not as many people applied for engineering in 2013 CE as in 2014 CE.
9. No subject is more difficult than Physics.
Physics is the most difficult subject .
10. I don't eat as much fast food as my brother.
My brother eats more fast food than I do .
12. I can't run as fast as you .
You can run faster than me .
13. I haven't got as much homework as my brother.
My brother has got more homework than me / than I have .
14. There are not as many people in our class as yours .
There are more people in your class than ours .
15. I don't like running as much as I like swimming.
I like swimming more than I like running .
16. Students don't like doing Music and Art as much as they like doing Maths.
Students like doing Maths more than they like doing Music and Art.
Editing :
Imagine you are an editor in the Jordan Times. You are asked to edit the following lines that have four mistakes ( one
grammar mistake, one punctuation mistake and two spelling mistakes.) Find out these four mistakes and correct them.
1. b-p / c-k / j-g / s-t / i-e / s-z / o-u / f-v ركز على تبدیل الحروف التالیة في الكلمات
2.Capital letter , comma, full stop, question mark ( a-A / , / ? / : / ; )
3. One grammar mistake . (will have helped = will help)
Edit the following text. There are two grammar mistakes and three spelling mistakes. Find and correct them.
1. will help 2. eyesight 3. a device 4. sends 5. brain
1. use 2. whiteboared 3. . As 4. educational
Edit the following text . There are two grammar mistakes and three punctuation mistakes
These days, many classrooms used a whitebourd as a computer screen. as a consequence, teachers can
show websites on the board in front of the class. Teachers can then use the internet to show educasional
programmes.
In the near future, a new ‘bionic eye’ will have helped people with failing eyesite to see again. A devise
inside the eye picks up an image from a small camera attached to a pair of sunglasses and send it to the
brian, which interprets it as vision.
Scientists will say that exercise is not only important for general fitness ; but that it also good for the brain , it helped
us concentrate better ? As a result , we perform better in exams .
Complete each of the following sentences :
منسوجات یدعم معدات صناعي امراض
( ailments - artificial - equipment - fund - textile )
1. My sister wants to be a fashion designer and work with ----------------------- .
2. Before the boys go climbing, they will go to a special shop to buy all the ------------------ that they need.
3. Old people tend to suffer from more -------------------- than younger people.
4. My parents have saved enough money to ------------------- our university courses.
Answers : 1. textile 2. equipment 3. ailments 4. Fund
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جیل عقد فارة تابلت لابتوب نموذج مطور اخترع برنامج
( programs - invented - developed - models - laptop - tablet - mouse - decade - generation) 1. Modern computers can run a lot of ------------------ at the same time .
2. You can move around the computer screen using a ------------------- .
3. From 1990 CE to 2000 CE was a --------------------- .
4. A ----------------------- doesn't need a keyboard.
5. The television was first --------------------- by John Logie Baird .
1. programs 2. mouse 3. decade 4. tablet 5. Invented
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عملیات حسابیة برنامج نموذج لابتوب تلفون ذكي
( smartphone - laptop - model - program - calculation) 1. Although they are pocket-sized, ---------------------s are powerful computers as well as phones.
2. My brother is learning how to write computer -------------------------- s.
3. I need to make a few -----------------------s before I decide how much to spend .
4. Mobile phones used to be huge. Early ---------------------s were as big as bricks!
5. I can close the lid of my ------------------------- and then put it in my bag.
1. smartphone - program - calculation - model - laptop
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سبورة ذكیة تابلت وسائل التواصل تبادل الایمیلات مدونة
( blog - email exchange - social media - tablet computer - whiteboard ) 1. Record interviews with people. ----------------------
2. Share information with students in another country. ------------------------
3. Watch educational programs in class. ----------------------
4. Ask another student to check your homework. ----------------------
5. Write an online diary. ----------------------
1. tablet computer 2. email exchange 3. whiteboard 4. social media 5. Blog
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علاج تكمیلي مشكك علاج تقلیدي غریب متاح
viable - alien - conventional - sceptical - complementary
1. I don’t really believe that story – I’m very _________________ . .
2. Doctors often treat infections with antibiotics; that is the ______________ approach.
3. Medicines that are not the normal, traditionally accepted treatments are known as ___________. .
4. Another way of saying that something could be successful is to say it is _________________. .
5. If something seems very strange, we sometimes say it is ___________________.
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معاقین اعراض علماء فلك عملیات حسلبیة
( calculations - astronomers - symptoms - disabilities )
1. If you don't feel well, you should describe your -------------------- to the doctor.
2. A telescope enables --------------------- to observe the stars.
3. It's often impossible for people with ---------------------- to climb stairs.
4. In our Maths exam , we have to write down our ------------------- as well as the answers.
Answers : symptoms - astronomers - disabilities - calculations
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ضد الماء دقیق اعتماد على النفس حزام امان یخاطر سمعة یراقب یشجع خوذة
helmet – inspire – monitor – reputation – risk – seat built – self-confidence – tiny – waterproof
1. You can wear your watch when you go swimming if it's ----------------------------.
2. It's amazing how huge trees grow from -------------------------- seeds.
3. The Olympic Games often --------------------- young people to take up a sport.
4. Please hurry up. Let's not --------------------- missing the bus.
5. You must always wear a ------------------------ in a car, whether you are the driver or a passenger.
6. When my grandfather had a heart attack, the doctors attached a special --------------- to the chest.
7. It's important to encourage young people and help them develop ------------------------.
8. Petra has a ---------------------- as a fascinating place to visit.
Answers : 1 waterproof - 2 tiny - 3 inspire - 4 risk - 5 seat belt - 6 monitor - 7 self-confidence – 8 reputation
( for + time ) - استخدامات مختلفة لبعض كلمات القواعد
1. has / have + v3 - He ------------------------------------------- for three hours . ( study )
2. has / have + been + V-ing - He ------------------------------------------- for three hours . ( be , study )
3. had been + V-ing , V2 - After he ------------------------------------ for three hours , he slept. ( be , study )
4. will have + V3 - Next month, my parents -------------------------------- married for 20 years. ( be )
( By + time ) - استخدامات مختلفة لبعض كلمات القواعد
- By 1985, some schools had used laptops. ( use )
- By 1985, some schools had been using laptops for along time. ( be,use )
B y + time (past) , had + V3
By + time (past) , had been + V-ing
- By 2020, some schools will have used smartphones . ( use )
By + time (future) , will have + V3
- By the time we arrived , the train had left . ( leave )
- By the time we arrived , the train had been waiting for an hour. (be, wait)
By the time + v2 , had + v3
By the time + v2 , had been + V-ing
- By the time we arrive , the train will have left . ( leave )
By the time + v1 , will have + v3
( When ) - استخدامات مختلفة لبعض كلمات القواعد
- I was watching TV when she called. ( watch )
1. was / were + V-ing .. when.. + V2
- Ali had been thinking about his friend when he received a text from him . (be, think)
2. had been + V-ing .. when .. + V2
Plural nouns : people - children - men - mice -police - feet - women - oxen - youth –teeth - fish - cattle
Singular : news – a number - information - government - family - team
Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the ones above them :
1. How much sleep do teenagers of our age need ? Do you know how much sleep teenagers of our age need ?
2. Is it possible to improve your memory ? Do you know if it is possible to improve your memory ?
3 . Can you suggest a healthy breakfast ? Do you mind suggesting a healthy breakfast ?
4. Please help me to plan my revision. Do you mind helping me to plan my revision ?
5. What should I do on the day before the exam ? Do you mind telling me what I should do the day before the exam ?
6. Does the exam start at ten or half past ten ? Do you know wheather the exam starts at ten or half past ten ?
7. Could you explain the best way to revise ? I wonder if you could explain the best way to revise ?
8. How much revision should I do ? Could you tell me how much revision I should do ?
9. What kind of books do bookshops sell ? Could you tell me what kind of books bookshops sell ?
10. Could you explain what you mean by "mnemonics"? What do you mean by mneminics ?
11. Do you know how much sleep a teenager needs ? How much sleep does a teenager need ?
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المبني للمجھول الغیرشخصي 25 The Impersonal Passive
24 Indirect Questions
Questions is introduced with ( what , where , why , who , when , how , how much , … etc. ).
Could you tell me … ? I wonder …………. .
Do you know ..? ( If ) كما ھي في جملة الحل واذا لم توجد في السؤال نضع ( Wh - How ) ٣. نضع
Do you mind telling me ..? تحذف ونكمل باقي الجملة كما ھي ( do) .٢
Could you explain .? s –es... تحذف ویضاف للفعل ( does ) .٣
تحذف ویحول الفعل للماضي ( did ) .٤
نعكس الفاعل مع الفعل المساعد ثم نكمل الجملة - ملاحظة : لا یتغیر زمن الجملة او الضمائر او الظروف ( do-does-did ) ٥. اذا لم یوجد في الجملة
Can you suggest ……….. ? ( V+ing ) نحول الفعل الرئیسي الى ( Yes / No ) مع اسئلة ( Do you mind … ) ٦. استخدام
Where is …………… ?. ( Do you mind telling me + wh ………… ) تصبح ( Wh-Q ) مع اسئلة ( Do you mind … ) ٧. استخدام
( Do you mind explaining why …………. ) تصبح ( Why ) مع اسئلة ( Do you mind … ) ٨. استخدام
When does the lesson end ? Do you know when the lesson ends ?
Is this the right bus for the school ? Could you tell me if /whether this is the right bus for the school?
المبني للمعلوم Active Sentences المبني للمجھول الغیر شخصي Impersonal Passive
We can use the impersonal passive with: expect – expected
(say = said , think = thought , claim = claimed , believe = believed , prove = proved , know – known, assume - assumed
كفاعل في البدایة . ٢. نحول الفعل الاول للمبني للمجھول ویبقى باقي الجملة كما ھي : it ١.نضع
- Scientists say that dolphins are highly intelligent . - It is said that dolphins are highly intelligent
3. The impersonal passive can also be used with ( object + infinitive ) :
حسب القواعد التالیة : ( to ) مباشرة . ٣. نحول الفعل الثاني بعد كلمة ( to ) كفاعل اول . ٢. نحول الفعل الاول للمبني للمجھول ثم نضیف كلمة ( that ) ١. نبدأ بالفاعل الثاني بعد
- They believe that the story is true . - The story is believed to be true.
تحویل الفعل الاول للمبني للمجھول ( to) تحویل الفعل الثاني بعد كلمة
V1 / V+s ------------ ( am – is – are ) + V3 V1 / V+s --------------------------------------------- V-inf.
V2 ------------------- ( was – were ) + V3 am, is, are---------------------------------------- be
will , can, must , has to , used to ------ ( will , used to + be ) + V3 was, were --------------------------------------- have been
has / have + V3 ------------ ( has / have + been ) + V3 V2 / has +V3 / have + V3 / had +V3 ------------ have +V3
am, is, are, was, were + V-ing ---- ( am ,is ,are,was,were ) + being +V3 will + V-inf. ------------------------------------ V- inf.
doesn't + V / don't + V ----------------- ( am not ,is not ,are not ) + V3 am not , is not , are not ----------------------------- not to be
التحویل العكسي
( that ) ٢. نحضر الفاعل الموجود في الجملة قبل الفعل المساعد ونضعھ بعد كلمة . ( to ) ٢. نحذف الكلمات من الفعل المساعد الى كلمة
الى حالتھ الاصلیة ٤. اذا لم یكن فعل المبني للمجھول محول الى المعلوم ... نحولھ اولا ثم نبدأ بالخطوات السابقة ( to ) ٤. نعید الفعل المحول بعد كلمة
- The brain is said to be good like a computer. - Scientists say that the brain is good like a computer .
Use the impersonal passive to report the following sentences :
1. People claim that Speaking a foreign language improves the functionality of your brain.
Speaking a foreign language, it is claimed , improves the functionality of your brain. ( claim )
2. People believe that language learning can also improve your decision-making skills.
It is believed that language learning can also improve your decision-making skills.
Language learning is believed to improve your decision-making skills .
3. People think that we only use a small percentage of our brain power.
It is thought that we only use a small percentage of our brain power.
We are thought to only use a small percentage of our brain power.
4. People believe that solving puzzles keeps the brain active.
It is believed that solving puzzles keeps the brain active.
Solving puzzles is believed to keep the brain active .
5. Experts have proved that exercise is good for concentration.
It has been proved that exercise is good for concentration.
Exercise has been proved to be good for concentration .
6. Exercise has been proved to be good for concentration by experts.
Experts have proved that exercise is good for concentration .
7. People don't believe that making exercise makes them happy .
Making exercise isn't believed to make people happy .
8. Scientists proved that making exercise doesn't make people feel sad .
Making exercise was proved not to make people feel sad.
9. People believe that eating almonds reduces the risk of heart disease . 2016
Eating almonds is believed to reduce the risk of heart disease.
10. Doing regular exercise is believed to reduce the risk of several diseases. 2016
People believe that doing regular exercise reduces the risk of several diseases.
11. They assumed that the last Olympic Games were a great success. 2017
It was assumed that the last Olympic Games were a great success.
12. Experts have proved that eating fresh vegetables is good for the stomach. 2017
Eating fresh vegetables has been proved to be good for the stomach .
13. My English teacher says that English clubs are essential for learning English well. 2018
English clubs are said to be essential for learning English well .
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26 Wish = If only
Rule Wish – If only : ( express regrets about the past )
I slept too long. I wish I hadn't slept….
V2 ------------------------------------------------- hadn't + V3
didn't + V-inf. ---------------------------------- had + V3 I didn't do ……. If only I had done ….
wasn't – weren't ---------------------------------- had been I wasn't successful. I wish I had been ….
Rule Wish – If only : ( express wishes about the present )
We live in a small flat I wish we didn't live ……
V1 / V-s --------------------------------------- didn't + V-inf.
don't / doesn't + V-inf. --------------------------------- V2 I don't know the answer. I wish I knew the answer.
He is far from here. He wishes he weren't far
He is not tall enough. He wishes he were taller.
am / is / are ----------------------------------------- weren't
am not / isn't / aren't ----------------------------------- were
I regret being angry -------- I wish I hadn't been angry.
I regret not being happy. ---- I wish I had been happy.
He should have been careful. – He wishes he had been ….
He shouldn't have been careless. He wishes he hadn't been ..
regret + V-ing ---------------------------------- hadn't + V3
regret + not + V-ing --------------------------- had + V3
should have + V3 ------------------------------ had + V3
shouldn't have + V3 --------------------------- hadn't + V3
تحویل الافعال
can couldn't can't could
will wouldn't won't would
am - is - are weren't have + V3 / has + V3 hadn't + V3
V1 / Vs-es didn't + inf. have to / has to = V1 didn't have to
am - is - are weren't have / has = V1 didn't have
am not - is not - are not were must - mustn't hadn't to - had to
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. Ali did not pass his exams. If only he had studied harder last year. (study)
2. Ziad is not very good at basketball. He wishes he were taller! ( be )
3. We didn't catch the earlier bus. We’re late. If only we had caught the earlier bus. ( catch)
4. Our flat is very small. If only we lived in a big house. ( live )
5. Jaber isn’t old enough to drive a car. He wishes he were older. ( be )
6. I wish I had learnt English better when I was younger. (learn)
7. I regret that I made an accident. I wish I hadn't driven fast. (not drive)
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Read the situations and complete the sentences :
1. Sultan forgot to do his Science homework.
If only he hadn't forgotten to do his science homework to do it.
2. Nahla could not find her way round the city very easily.
If only she had had / had brought / had bought / hadn't forgotrten a map.
3. Oh no! I’ve forgotten my library book. I left it at home.
I wish I hadn't forgotten my library book .
4. Our team didn’t play very well yesterday.
If only they had played better.
5. I regret going to bed late last night.
I wish I had gone earlier.
6. Nader should have been more careful with his essay. He didn’t get a good mark. (wishes)
Nader wishes he had been more careful with his essay . 2016
7. I regret living abroad for a long time . (wish )
I wish I hadn't lived abroad for a long time . 2016
8. I regret speaking aloud in my class . (wish )
I wish I hadn't spoken aloud in my class. 2017
9. Mohammad didn't consult his career advisor, so he felt sorry. (wish )
I wish Mohammad had consulted his careerrr advisor. 2017
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Use the prompts and write sentences with ( I wish and If only ).
1. I’m cold. I wish I had brought a coat. ( bring a coat)
2. We’re late. If only we had got up earlier . ( get up earlier )
3. I feel ill. If only I hadn't eaten so many sweets. ( not eat so many sweets )
4. Fadi has lost his wallet. I wish I had been more careful . ( be more careful )
5. Huda was too busy to visit us yesterday. I wish she had been able to come. ( be able to come )
6. I’ve broken my watch. If only I hadn't dropped it. ( not drop it )
7. I am very hungry! I wish I had eaten before I went to the conference. ( eat )
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Choose the correct answer :
1. Ziad is not very good at basketball. He wishes he --------- taller! ( is / were / was )
2. I can’t do this exercise. I wish I --------- it. ( understood / understand / understanding)
3. Mr Haddad does not understand the Chinese businessman.
If only he -------------------- Chinese. ( speak / spoke / had spoken)
4. Jordan needs to import a lot of oil.
If only it --------------------------- larger oil reserves. ( has / had / had had )
5. If only I ----------------- lost my ticket! ( haven’t / didn’t / hadn’t )
6. I always have to get home early. I wish my parents ------------------------ me stay out later. 2018
( lets / won't let / would let / will let )
I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus. I wish I ------------------------ early. 2018
( wake up / wakes up / had waken up / have waken up)
27. Conditional Sentences
If Clause - Zero Main Clause حقیقة ثابتة لا تتغیر
Subject + simple present ( a fact ) ( V1 / Vs-es / don't – doesn't )
be = am , is , are ( he , she , it + V-s / es )
(not be ) = am not , isn't , aren't ( I , we , you , they + V1 )
If + S + Simple Present
( V1 / Vs-es / don't – doesn't )
be = am , is , are / (not be ) = am not , isn't , aren't
1. If you boil water , it evaporates. (evaporate)
2. If plants don't get enough sunlight, they die. (not , get)
3. Water turns to ice if the temperature falls below zero. (turn)
4. If you push this button , the video plays . (play)
5.You get a huge feeling of satisfaction when you know that people understand everything you translate. (understand)
6.When you heat water to 100°C, it boils. (heat)
7.Do you usually go home or meet your friends when school finishes ? (finish)
8.If you don't water the plants, they will die. (not water)
9.During Ramadan, we eat when the sun sets. ( set )
10.Ice cream melts when it gets warm.. ( get)
11.Plants die if they don't get enough sunlight. (not , get) 2017
21. Rawan always takes her mobile when she goes out. ( go out ) 2017
If Clause - I Main Clause محتمل الحدوث
Subject + will / won't ( modals ) + infinitive
'll / will not
be = will be / (not be ) = won't be
If + S + Simple Present
( V1 / Vs-es / don't – doesn't )
be = am , is , are / (not be ) = am not , isn't , aren't
1. provided that - unless - as long as - Even if ولكن المعنى مختلف if ادوات اخرى لھا نفس قاعدة
حتى لو طالما اذا لم – ما لم بشرط ان
1. If Sami studies hard , he will pass all his exams . (pass)
2. If you get an interview for a job in pharmaceuticals, you will need to show real enthusiasm for the industry. (get)
3. I’ll buy the book if / provided tha t /as long as it isn't too expensive. (not be)
4. I won't buy it if it is too expensive . (not, buy)
5. If Sami studies hard , he will pass all his exams . (pass)
6. Unless you have a language degree, you won't be able to become an interpreter. (not be)
7. If you get an interview for a job, you will need to show that you have good listening skills. (need)
8. If you are successful, it will be a secure and rewarding job. (be)
9. When you arrive at the station next Saturday, we will be there to meet you. (be)
10. Nasser will come out with us tomorrow unless he has to help his father. ( have to)
11. I will help you with your homework, as long as you help me with mine! ( help)
12. Provided that it doesn't rain , we will have a picnic next week. (not rain)
13. If you win the prize, how will you spend the money? (spend)
14. Even if Omar passes his driving test this afternoon, he won't have his own car. (pass)
15. You will not pass your exams unless you study hard. (study)
16. Your new computer will last a long time as long as you are careful with it. (be)
17. I will phone you if I miss the bus. (phone)
18. We’ll go to our favourite restaurant on Friday unless it is closed. ( be )
19. I will take the job offer provided that it is part-time – I haven’t finished my university studies yet.. ( be)
20. We have to go to school even if we are tired. ( be)
21. We will need / need umbrellas if it rains (need)
22. The teacher will be pleased if I write a good essay. (be)
23. Provided that everyone works hard, we’ll all pass our exams.. (work)
24. Babies are usually happy unless they’re hungry or cold. (be)
25. We should always be polite even if we are tired. (feel)
26. Rawan always takes her mobile when goes out. ( go out ) 2017
27. Ali will be upset, If you don't invite him to your party. ( not, invite ) 2018
6. You won't get a job in France unless you ---------------------- French.
a. speak b. speaks c. is speaking d. spoke 2018
quence refers to 3. The Third conditional ( Type 3 ) : The third se a condition which was not met in the past :
If Clause – Type 3 Main Clause - الخیال
S + would have / could have / might have (not ) + P.P ( V3 )
ربما كان من الممكن - قدرة تاكد ( less sure )
If + S + had + P.P ( V3 )
hadn't + PP (V3)
1. I would have gotten the job if I had had some experience. (get)
2. If you had done the course, you would have had enough experience to apply for the job. (had)
3. If Huda hadn't been ill yesterday, she wouldn’t have missed the exam. ( not be)
4. If my father had gone to university, he could have been a teacher. ( can be)
5. Jameel might not have become a musician if his parents hadn't encouraged him. ( not encourage)
Read the situations and complete the sentences with the third conditional, using the word in brackets.
Sentence ( Fact ) If Clause ( Imagination )
1. If + S + hadn't V3 …..…., S + would / could (might) have + V3
2. If + S + had V3 …….…., S + would / could (might) not + have + V3
3. If + S + had V3 ……..…., S + would / could (might) have + V3
4. If + S + hadn't + V3 …...., S + would / could (might) not + have + V3
1. S + V2 …. , so + didn't + V-inf
2. S + didn't + V-inf , so + V2 ….
3. S + didn't + v-inf , so + didn't + V-inf
4. S + V2 . S + V2
1. Saeed left his camera at home, so he wasn’t able to take pictures of the parade. (could)
If Saeed hadn’t left his camera at home, he could have taken pictures of the parade.
If Saeed hadn’t left his camera at home, he could have been able to take pictures of the parade.
2. I had a headache yesterday, and I didn’t do well in the Maths test. (might)
If I hadn't had a headache yesterday , I might have done well in the Maths test.
3. I didn’t know your phone number, so I wasn’t able to contact you. (could)
If I had known your phone number, I could have been able to contact you.
4. You had a brightly-coloured T-shirt on. That’s how I noticed you in the crowd. (might not)
If you hadn't had a brightly-coloured T-shirt on, I might not have noticed you in the crowd.
5. I worked really hard the day before the exam. I got top marks. (might not)
If I hadn't worked really hard the day before the exam, I might not have gotten top marks.
6. I didn't stay at home that day, so I didn't miss the celebration. (would)
If I had stayed at home that day, I would have missed the celebration.
7. My friend invited me to the library, so I went. (would not )
If my friend hadn't invited me to the library, I wouldn't have gone.
8. Saleem left his wallet at home, so he wasn’t able to purchase his necessary items. (could) 2016
If Saleem hadn't left his wallet at home, he couldn't have purchased his necessary item.
9. I studied really hard the day before the final exams. I achieved the first rank in my class. (might not) 2016
If I hadn't studied hard the day before the final exam, I might not have achieved the first ……..
10. Sami didn't apply immedietly for the scholarship, so he didn't get it . ( if , could ) 2016
If Sami had applied immediately for the scholarship, he could have gotten it.
11. Marwan worked really hard the day before the exam. He got top marks. ( if / might not) 2017
If Marwan hadn't worked really hard the day before the exam, he might not have gotten top marks. 12. The company didn't know your phone number, so they weren't able to contact you. ( if / might) 2017
If the company had known your phone number, they might have contacted you.
Change the following sentences into facts :
( hadn't + V3 = V2 ) / ( wouldn't , couldn't , mightn't have + V3 = V2 )
( had + V3 = didn't + V-inf. ) / ( would , could , might have + V3 = didn't + V-inf. )
1. If I hadn’t come to this school, I could have taken English.
I came to this school , so I didn't take English.
2. If I hadn’t grown up in this city, I might have learnt French.
I grew up in this city, so I didn't learn French.
Using "Unless" : ( Unless = If …… not ) ( عدد الافعال المنفیة في جملة السؤال والجواب نفس العدد ( نفي النفي اثبات
Sentence If Clause
1. Unless + S + Vi/Vs …..…., S + won't + V-inf.
2. Unless + S + V1/Vs..…….., S + won't + V-inf.
3. Unless + S + V1/Vs..…….., S + will + V-inf.
1. If + V1/Vs …. , S + will +V-inf
2. If + S+ doesn't/don't + v-inf , S + won't
3. If + S+ doesn't/don't + v-inf , S + will
1. If you study hard, you will pass your exam. Unless you study hard , you won't pass your exams.
2. If you don't water the plants, they will die . Unless you water the plants, they will die.
3. If I don't write a good essay, the teacher won't be pleased. Unless I write a good essay , the teacher won't be pleased.
4. If our team wins the match, they won't leave the stadium. Unless our team wins the match, they will leave the S…
6. Unless you study hard, you won't succeed. If you don't study hard , you won't succeed. 7. Unless you are clever, you will fail. If you aren't clever , you will fail.
8. If I travel a lot, I will buy many things. Even if I travel a lot, I won't buy many things.
9. I’ll buy the book if it isn’t too expensive. Even if the book is too expensive , I will buy it.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Choose the correct answer :
1. ------------------- you heat water to 100°C, it boils. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
2. You will not pass your exams ----------- you study hard. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
3 . ----------- you don't water the plants, they will die. ( If , unless , when , even if )
4. Do you usually go home or meet your friends -------- school finishes. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
5. Your new computer will last a long time -------you are careful with it. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
6. Ice cream melts -------------it gets warm. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
7. We need umbrellas -------------- it rains. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
8. The teacher will be pleased ----------- I write a good essay. ( if , unless , when , even if )
9. Our team will celebrate --------- they win the match. ( if , unless , when , even if )
10. --------------- everyone works hard, we’ll all pass our exams. (Provided that , Unless , When , Even if )
11. Babies are usually happy --------- they’re hungry or cold. (as long as – provided that – unless – if ) 2018
12. We should always be polite ---------- we feel tired. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
13. During Ramadan, Muslims eat ------------ the sun sets. (as long as , unless , when , even if ) 2018
14. I'll phone you ------------I miss the bus , so that you pick. ( if , unless , when , even if )
15. We'll go out to our favourite restaurant ------------ it's closed. (as long as , unless , when , even if ) 16. I'll take the job offer ------ it's part time – I haven't finished my university studies yet (provided that , unless , when , even if )
17. We have to go to school ---------- we're tired. (as long as , unless , when , even if )
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Writing – Using pronouns :
Function : We use pronouns as ways to link paragraphs and ideas.
The following advice about preparing for exams was given by our teacher. He should know- as he
has taken so many of them in his life ! He said, "It is not a good idea to study late at night. This is
because your brain is tired then, and it is unlikely to retain the information as well. The best time to
study is early in the morning. That is when you feel most awake."
He : our teacher
Many of them : exams
This : the reason why you shouldn't study late at night
It : the brain
That : early in the morning
1. The best time to study is early in the morning. That is when you feel most awake. 2016
What is the function of using the pronoun that in the above sentence ? ……………….. link ideas
2. My computer isn't working. Can you have a look at ------------------------ . 2018
( him , her , it , them )
28 Quantifiers to make comparisons الكمیات لعمل المقارنة
the most X the least
the most X the fewest
more X fewer
more X less
better X worse
farther X nearer
poorer X richer
hotter X colder
later X earlier
longer X shorter
faster X slower
taller X shorter
bigger X smaller
cheaper X more expensive
easier X more difficult
tall ( short adjective ) taller than - (er – than ) The tallest - ( The – est )
expensive ( long adjective ) more expensive than The most expensive
be + as …..adj.…...as / V + as ….adv…as as much / many + ……as
(as ….. as ) الى (more ) - التحویل من
: Ali في بدایة الجملة بدل Ahmad اذا بدأ السؤال بعكس الاسماء اي بوضع : (as ….. as ) الى (more ) - عند التحویل من
- اولا ننفي الفعل الموجود في الجملة :
حسب الفاعل الموجود في بدایة الجملة . doesn't او don't تصبح V +s -es / . وھكذا aren't تصبح are - isn't تصبح is -
ونكمل الجملة كما ھي . as كلمة than ثم نضع مكان كلمة as كلمة more - نضع مكان كلمة
دون اي تغییر في الجملة سوى عكس الاسماء او اقطاب الجملة less الى كلمة more - او نستطیع عند اعادة الكتابة تحویل كلمة
1. Ali's car is more expensive than Ahmad's. ………… Ahmad's car is less expensive than Ali's -
Ahmad's car isn't as expensive as Ali's - 2. Ali plays more quickly than Ahmad . …………………Ahmad plays less quickly than Ali.
Ahmad doesn't play as quickly as Ali
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: (as ….. as ) الى ( er ) - التحویل من صفة مضاف لھا
: Ali في بدایة الجملة بدل Ahmad اذا بدأ السؤال بعكس الاسماء اي بوضع : (as ….. as ) الى (er ) - عند التحویل من
- اولا ننفي الفعل الموجود في الجملة :
V +s -es / . وھكذا aren't تصبح are - isn't تصبح is -
ونكمل الجملة كما ھي . as كلمة than المضافة للصفة ثم نضع مكان كلمة er بدل as - نضع كلمة
- او نستطیع عند اعادة الكتابة تحویل الصفة بان نحضر عكسھا دون اي تغییر في الجملة سوى عكس الاسماء او اقطاب الجملة
2. Ali is taller than Ahmad . ……………………………..Ahmad is shorter than Ali .
Ahmad isn't as tall as Ali
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
: ( more ) الى (as ….. as ) - التحویل من
: Omar في بدایة الجملة بدل Ahmad اذا بدأ السؤال بعكس الاسماء اي بوضع : (more ) الى (as ….. as ) - عند التحویل من
- اولا : الفعل الموجود في الجملة منفي یصبح مثبت ::
.V +s -es تحذف تحذف ونعید الفعل بعد ھما الى doesn't او don't / . وھكذا are تصبح aren't - is تصبح isn't -
ونكمل الجملة كما ھي . than كلمة as ثم نضع مكان كلمة more كلمة as - نضع مكان كلمة
دون اي تغییر في الجملة سوى عكس الاسماء او اقطاب الجملة less الى كلمة not as - او نستطیع عند اعادة الكتابة تحویل كلمة
1. Omar is not as generous as Ahmad……….. ………… Ahmad is more generous than Omar.
Omar is less generous than Ahmad . 3. Ali doesn't play as quickly as Omar. ……………..……Omar plays more quickly than Ali.
Ali plays less quickly than Omar.
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: ( er ) الى (as ….. as ) - التحویل من
: Ali في بدایة الجملة بدل Omar اذا بدأ السؤال بعكس الاسماء اي بوضع : (er ) الى (as ….. as ) - عند التحویل من
- اولا ننفي الفعل الموجود في الجملة :
وھكذا . are تصبح aren't - is تصبح isn't -
ونكمل الجملة كما ھي . than كلمة as الموجودة قبل الصفة ثم نضع مكان كلمة as ونحذف er - نضیف للصفة
- او نستطیع عند اعادة الكتابة بتحویل الصفة بان نحضر عكسھا دون اي تغییر في الجملة سوى عكس الاسماء او اقطاب الجملة
2. Ali isn't as tall as Omar. .. …………………………….. Omar is taller than Ali.
Ali is shorter than Omar.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
: ( as many ) و (as much ) استخدام
لا نغیر شیئ في الجملة ولا نبدل الاسماء ولكن ننفي الفعل قبل كلمة المقارنة : ( fewer – less ) على ( as much ) - (as many ) اذا دخلت
1. There are fewer houses in my village than in their village . ( as many )
There aren't as many houses in my village as in their village .
2. Ali has less water than Omar. ( as much ) Ali doesn't have as much water as Omar .
نبدل الاسماء وننفي الفعل قبل كلمة المقارنة : ( more ) على ( as much ) - (as many ) اذا دخلت
1. My brother eats more fast food than me . ( as much ) I don't eat as much fast food as my brother .
2. There are more people in Amman than in Zarka . ( as many ) There aren't as many people in Zarka as in Amman .
Rewrite the following sentences with ones that have similar meanings :
1. There is less information on the website than in the book. (as much)
There isn't as much information on the website as in the book .
2. The cheapest thing on the menue is orange juice.
The least expensive thing on the menue is orange juice.
3. Neither Maths nor Science are as popular as English.
English is more popular than Maths and science.
4. Jordanian children start school a year later than English children.
English children start school a year earlier than Jordanian children .
5. Studying physics is not as popular as studying Biology in Britain .
Studying Biology is more popular than studying Physics in Britain .
6. The electronic newspapers are not as acceptable as the ordinary ones.
The ordinary newspapers are more acceptable than the electronic ones .
7. Not as many people applied for Law in 2014 CE as in 2013 CE.
In 2013 more people applied for law than in 2014 CE.
8. 11 % more people applied for Engineering in 2014 CE than in 2013 CE.
Not as many people applied for engineering in 2013 CE as in 2014 CE.
9. No subject is more difficult than Physics.
Physics is the most difficult subject .
10. I don't eat as much fast food as my brother.
My brother eats more fast food than I do .
12. I can't run as fast as you .
You can run faster than me .
13. I haven't got as much homework as my brother.
My brother has got more homework than me / than I have .
14. There are not as many people in our class as yours .
There are more people in your class than ours .
15. I don't like running as much as I like swimming.
I like swimming more than I like running .
16. Students don't like doing Music and Art as much as they like doing Maths.
Students like doing Maths more than they like doing Music and Art.
Editing :
Imagine you are an editor in the Jordan Times. You are asked to edit the following lines that have four mistakes ( one
grammar mistake, one punctuation mistake and two spelling mistakes.) Find out these four mistakes and correct them.
1. b-p / c-k / j-g / s-t / i-e / s-z / o-u / f-v ركز على تبدیل الحروف التالیة في الكلمات
2.Capital letter , comma, full stop, question mark ( a-A / , / ? / : / ; )
3. One grammar mistake . (will have helped = will help)
Edit the following text. There are two grammar mistakes and three spelling mistakes. Find and correct them.
1. will help 2. eyesight 3. a device 4. sends 5. brain
1. use 2. whiteboared 3. . As 4. educational
Edit the following text . There are two grammar mistakes and three punctuation mistakes
These days, many classrooms used a whitebourd as a computer screen. as a consequence, teachers can
show websites on the board in front of the class. Teachers can then use the internet to show educasional
programmes.
In the near future, a new ‘bionic eye’ will have helped people with failing eyesite to see again. A devise
inside the eye picks up an image from a small camera attached to a pair of sunglasses and send it to the
brian, which interprets it as vision.
Scientists will say that exercise is not only important for general fitness ; but that it also good for the brain , it helped
us concentrate better ? As a result , we perform better in exams .
Complete each of the following sentences :
منسوجات یدعم معدات صناعي امراض
( ailments - artificial - equipment - fund - textile )
1. My sister wants to be a fashion designer and work with ----------------------- .
2. Before the boys go climbing, they will go to a special shop to buy all the ------------------ that they need.
3. Old people tend to suffer from more -------------------- than younger people.
4. My parents have saved enough money to ------------------- our university courses.
Answers : 1. textile 2. equipment 3. ailments 4. Fund
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جیل عقد فارة تابلت لابتوب نموذج مطور اخترع برنامج
( programs - invented - developed - models - laptop - tablet - mouse - decade - generation) 1. Modern computers can run a lot of ------------------ at the same time .
2. You can move around the computer screen using a ------------------- .
3. From 1990 CE to 2000 CE was a --------------------- .
4. A ----------------------- doesn't need a keyboard.
5. The television was first --------------------- by John Logie Baird .
1. programs 2. mouse 3. decade 4. tablet 5. Invented
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عملیات حسابیة برنامج نموذج لابتوب تلفون ذكي
( smartphone - laptop - model - program - calculation) 1. Although they are pocket-sized, ---------------------s are powerful computers as well as phones.
2. My brother is learning how to write computer -------------------------- s.
3. I need to make a few -----------------------s before I decide how much to spend .
4. Mobile phones used to be huge. Early ---------------------s were as big as bricks!
5. I can close the lid of my ------------------------- and then put it in my bag.
1. smartphone - program - calculation - model - laptop
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سبورة ذكیة تابلت وسائل التواصل تبادل الایمیلات مدونة
( blog - email exchange - social media - tablet computer - whiteboard ) 1. Record interviews with people. ----------------------
2. Share information with students in another country. ------------------------
3. Watch educational programs in class. ----------------------
4. Ask another student to check your homework. ----------------------
5. Write an online diary. ----------------------
1. tablet computer 2. email exchange 3. whiteboard 4. social media 5. Blog
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علاج تكمیلي مشكك علاج تقلیدي غریب متاح
viable - alien - conventional - sceptical - complementary
1. I don’t really believe that story – I’m very _________________ . .
2. Doctors often treat infections with antibiotics; that is the ______________ approach.
3. Medicines that are not the normal, traditionally accepted treatments are known as ___________. .
4. Another way of saying that something could be successful is to say it is _________________. .
5. If something seems very strange, we sometimes say it is ___________________.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
معاقین اعراض علماء فلك عملیات حسلبیة
( calculations - astronomers - symptoms - disabilities )
1. If you don't feel well, you should describe your -------------------- to the doctor.
2. A telescope enables --------------------- to observe the stars.
3. It's often impossible for people with ---------------------- to climb stairs.
4. In our Maths exam , we have to write down our ------------------- as well as the answers.
Answers : symptoms - astronomers - disabilities - calculations
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ضد الماء دقیق اعتماد على النفس حزام امان یخاطر سمعة یراقب یشجع خوذة
helmet – inspire – monitor – reputation – risk – seat built – self-confidence – tiny – waterproof
1. You can wear your watch when you go swimming if it's ----------------------------.
2. It's amazing how huge trees grow from -------------------------- seeds.
3. The Olympic Games often --------------------- young people to take up a sport.
4. Please hurry up. Let's not --------------------- missing the bus.
5. You must always wear a ------------------------ in a car, whether you are the driver or a passenger.
6. When my grandfather had a heart attack, the doctors attached a special --------------- to the chest.
7. It's important to encourage young people and help them develop ------------------------.
8. Petra has a ---------------------- as a fascinating place to visit.
Answers : 1 waterproof - 2 tiny - 3 inspire - 4 risk - 5 seat belt - 6 monitor - 7 self-confidence – 8 reputation
Used to : كان في الماضي وتغیر الان
1. ( Subject + used to + V-inf. ) - affirmative Key words
- when I was young – a student – a child – 12 years old
- when I was your age - when you were younger --, but now – these days – but we stopped – but it closed
2. ( Subject + didn't use to + V-inf. ) - negative
3. ( Did + Subject + use to + V-inf. …. ? ) - interrogative
4. S + used to + V-inf. = past habit = past state
5. It was a past habit for Ali to do…. = Ali used to do …..
1. She used to be a teacher, but now she's retired. ( use to, be)
2. My mother didn't use to buy my clothes, but now she does. ( not, use to, buy)
3.When I was young, I ----------- on foot to my school . ( are used to going – used to go – use to go – am used to going ) 2018
4. Rashid ------------- swimming every morning , but now he doesn't. ( are used to going – used to go – use to go – am used to going ) 2019
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15. Be + used to + V- ing : متعود على
1. S + ( am , is , are , was , were) + used to + V-ing / noun / pron. ) Key words
- always – usually - often
- has / have + V3
2. S + ( am , is , are , was , were - not) + used to + V-ing / noun / pron. )
3. Be (am – is – are ) + used to = ( normal – familiar – customary – ordinary - habitual )
4. It is normal for Ali to do…. = Ali is used to doing …..
5. It isn't normal for Ali to do…. = Ali isn't used to doing …..
1. We've lived in the city along time , so we are used to the traffic. ( use to )
2. We needed warm clothes when we went to London. We weren't used to the cold weather. ( not, use to )
3. My mother is used to buy my clothes , but now I choose my own . My mother used to buy my clothes . 4. Most Jordanians used to the hot weather where we have in summer . Most Jordanians are used to the hot … 5. It is normal for me now to get up early to study.
I am used to getting up early to study .
6. It's not normal for my younger brother to use his electronic dictionary .
My younger brother isn't used to using his electronic dictionary . 2018
7. It is normal for my children now to eat fresh vegetables .
My children are used to eating fresh vegetables . 2019
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16. Causative Verbs – ( Subject + has / have / had + object + V افعال السببیة ( 3
- I asked someone to fix my computer . I had my computer fixed . (had)
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17. Speculation : التخمین
1. must , can't + V تاكید في المضارع 1 sure, certain , It's true , I know , certainly , definitely
2. must , can't + have + V تاكید في الماضي 3
not sure , not certain , I don't know , I think , I believe
possible , probable , may be , perhaps
3. might + V احتمال في المضارع 1
4. might have + V احتمال في الماضي 3
1. Perhaps Issa's phone is broken . Issa's phone might be broken. .( might )
2. I am sure English is easy. English must be easy .
3. I am sure Geography isn't difficult. Geography can't be difficult .
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18. Verbs + to + inf. / Verbs +V-ing
Verbs followed by ( to + inf.) ( want - plan - hope - afford – intend – used - need – offer – expect )
Verbs followed by ( V + ing ) ( stop - enjoy - avoid - mind ) + V-ing
1. I want to get a new apartment but I can't afford to borrow money at the moment. ( borrow) 2017
2. My friend stopped talking when the teacher came. ( talk )
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19. Reported Speech :
V1 V2 don't , doesn't didn't ( didn't – hadn't + v3 )
V2 had + V3 may / might Might
had + V3 had + V3 must , have to , has to had to
will / would would ought to ought to
shall / should should (is , am – was) / ( are – were ) ( has , have – had ) / ( had – had had)
can / could could (was – were - had been ) ( need – would need )
myself I me my
himself he him his
herself she her her
ourselves we us our
themselves They them their
yourself - yourselves You + V V + you your
today that day here there
tonight that night this that
at the moment at that moment next the following
yesterday the day before – the previous day these those
ago before since / last week the week before – previous week
tomorrow the day after – the following day now Then – at that time
1. " Some parents take their children to the city park weekly."
Mr, Asmar said some parents took their children to the city park weekly. . 2018
2. " Schools provide children with basic education."
Safwan said that school provided children with basic education . 2018 3. " I'll meet you here tomorrow." ( My parents have passwords to monitor …….. )
She told me that she would meet me there the day after. 2019
4. " Our teacher told us about the dangers of the internet yesterday."
Farida told us that their teacher had told them about the dangers of the internet the day before .
20. Passive Voice :
Active Passive
S + V1 + O O + ( am – is – are ) + V3 + by + S
S + V2 + O O + ( was / were ) + V3 + by + S
S + ( will , shall, must , has to , …. ) + V . inf. + O O + ( will / shall , … ) + be + V3 + by + S
would , can , could , may , used to , have to , has to ……
S + ( am-is-are ) + V. ing + O O + ( am-is-are ) + being + V3 + by + S
S + ( was / were ) + V. ing + O O + ( was / were ) + being + V3 + by + S
S + will + have + V3 + O O + will + have + been + V3 + by + S
S + ( has-have-had ) + V3 + O O + ( has-have-had ) + been + V3 + by + S
- don't – doesn't --------- am not , isn't , aren't - am , is , are + always , usually , often + V3
- didn't ------------------- wasn't , weren't
1. Somebody has found my laptop . My laptop has been found by somebody. 2. My parents have saved enough money to fund our university courses. Enough money has been saved …….. 3. Safwan usually discharges my laptop. My laptop is usually discharged by Safwan .
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عند تصحیح الفعل بین الاقواس اذا وجدت الكلمات التالیة یحول الفعل حسب الجدول الایمن Passive
every , each , always , usually , often ( am – is – are ) + V3
yesterday , last week , year , month , in 1960 , in the past , when ( was - were ) + V3
tomorrow , next week , in two months ( will + be ) + V3
now , at the moment , at present ( am - is - are ) + being + V3
while ( was - were ) + being + V3
By 2030 , by next , by the end of the year .. ( will + have + been + V3
just / so far / ,so / already / recently / lately / today ( has - have ) + been + V3
1. An introductory grammar of Jordanian sign language was done in 2004CE. ( do )
2. Now, about one billion smartphones are sold around the world each year. ( sell ) 2017
3. Ibn Rushd who was born in Cordoba is a famous Islamic polymath. ( born ) 2017
4. The ruins are viewed by thousands of tourists every year . ( view ) 2018
5. Last night, many students ------------------- in the English club. ( was elected - were elected - are elected ) 2018
6. I am afraid that my laptop ------------------- by somebody else yesterday. ( was used - are used - will use ) 2019
7. In 2010, the first tablet computer was produced . ( produce )
8. In the near future , it is estimated that over 40% of the population in Jordan will have smartphones. ( estimate )
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 21. Conditional Sentences
If Clause Main Clause
Subject + simple present ( a fact ) ( V1 / Vs-es / don't – doesn't )
be = am , is , are ( he , she , it + V-s / es )
(not be ) = am not , isn't , aren't ( I , we , you , they + V1 )
If + S + Simple Present
( V1 / Vs-es / don't – doesn't )
be = am , is , are / (not be ) = am not , isn't , aren't
If Clause Main Clause
Subject + will / won't ( modals ) + infinitive
'll / will not
If + S + Simple Present
( V1 / Vs-es / don't – doesn't )
be = am , is , are / (not be ) = am not , isn't , aren't
If Clause Main Clause
Subject + would ( wouldn't ) + infinitive without to
'd
If + S + Past Simple = V2 / didn't + V-inf.
be = was , were / (not be ) = wasn't , weren't
If Clause Main Clause
Subject + would + have + ( V3 )
wouldn't
If + S + had + ( V3 )
hadn't + v3
1. If a city recycles everything and doesn't throw anything away, It's zero waste. ( recycle) 2016
2. The bus is late. If it doesn't arrive soon, we will get a taxi. ( not, arrive) 2017
3. If one presses the button , the picture ------------------------ . ( moved - moves - would move ) 2019
22. Cleft Sentences :
1. He has written many books , but his final book made him famous all over the world .
He has written many books, but it was his final book that made him famous all over the world .
2. The Olympic Games were held in London in 2012 CE. The event which took place / was held in London in 2012 CE was the Olympic Games .
3. The Egyptians built the pyramids. It was the Egyptian that built the Pyramids.
4. The Great Mosque in Cordoba was built in 784 CE by Abd al-Rahman I. ( passive)
The person who built the Great Mosque in Cordoba in 784 CE was Abd al-Rahman I . The mosque which was built in 784 CE by Abd al-Rahman I was the Great Mosque in Cordoba .
5. I would like to go to London next year.
What I would like to do next year is go to London .
6. Queen Rania opened the Children’s Museum of Jordan in 2007 CE.
It was Queen Rania that opened the …….
7. Huda won the prize for art last year.
The prize which Huda won last year was for art . The time when Huda won the prize for art was last year.
8. I stopped working at 11 p.m.
It was 11 p.m when I stopped working .
9. My father has influenced me most.
The person who has influenced me most is my father .
10. I like Geography most of all.
The subject which I like most of all is Geography .
11. The heat made the journey unpleasant.
It was the heat that made the journey unpleasant .
12. Al-Jazari invented the mechanical clock in the twelfth century.
The person who invented the mechanical clock in the twelfth century was Al Jazari. .
13. Al-Kindi contributed to the invention of the oud.
The person who contributed to the invention of the oud was Al-Kindi .
14. Taha Hussein is especially famous for his work in literature .
It is Taha Hussein that / who is especially famous for his work in literature . 2016
15. My neighbours' generosity impresses me more than anything else.
The thing that impresses me more than anything else is my neighbours' generosity . 2017
16. The Second World War ended in 1945 in Europe .
The year when The Second World War ended in Europe was 1945. 2018
17. I would like to visit Petra next month.
What I would like to do next month is visit Petra. 2018
Sami (who) studied English (which) in Amman (where) in 1996. (when ) ( in which)
The person who --------------------------------------------------- ( is – was ) + Sami
The thing which ------------------------------------------------- ( is – was ) + a car The place where ------------------------------------------------- ( is – was ) + Amman
The time / year / day when ---------------------------------------- ( is – was ) + yesterday
The way in which ------- / The reason why ----------
Sami ( is– was ) the person who
English ( is– was ) the thing which / that
Amman ( is – was ) the place where + باقي الجملة باستثناء الجزء المكتوب / المحدد
1996 ( is –was ) the time when
It ( is –was –) Sami who
It ( is –was –) English which
It ( is –was –) Amman where that + باقي الجملة باستثناء الجزء المكتوب / المحدد
It ( is –was –) 1996 when
What + ------------------------------------------------------------ + ( is - was ) + الاسم المحدد
23. Relative Clauses : ( who / which / that / where / when / whose )
Defining clauses : Necessary to the meaning of the sentence . e.g. : There are many animals which have four legs
Non-defining clauses : Add extra information - Not necessary - ( has a comma after the main clause . )
e.g. : Ali , who lives in Aqaba , is my friend .
Relative words Sentences
1. Who : Ahmad , Salma , the person , the man , the scientist I told you about the man who lives next door .2019
2. which / that : the thing , the car , the lion , the event Do you see the tiger which is lying on the roof ?
3. whose : the man whose + n I met the man whose daughter is a doctor
4. Where : the place where / Amman where + n +v / Amman which + V The city where we met Ali is very beautiful .
5 . W h e n : the time / year / day / period / week I remember the day when we entered the school.
1. London is a huge city. It’s the capital of the UK.
London , which is the capital of the UK , is a huge city .
2. Ibn Sina's friends advised him to relax. They were worried about his health.
Ibn Sina's friends, who were worried about his health , advised him to relax .
3. The students ----------------- cleaned the street are from our school. ( which - who - when - whose ) 2018
4. The prize --------------------- Huda won last year was for Art . ( when - where - which - who ) 2018
5. The person -------------------- has influenced me most is my father. ( when - where - which - who ) 2019
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Make correct sentences about the future :
1. He / hope / become a teacher one day . He hopes to become a teacher one day . 2. I / intend / apply for a job when I finish university . I intend to apply for the job ………..
3. Many hospitals / plan / use robots to help nurses in the future . Many hospitals plan to use robots ………
4. How / you / intend / solve the problem ? How do you intend to solve the problem ?
5. Our school / hope / raise enough money to build a new library . Our school hopes to raise enough money …….
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